tin ii iodide solubility in water

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Tin(II) fluoride caused DNA damage in cultures of human lymphocytes, but did not induce micronuclei formation when injected intraperitoneally into mice; Ames tests on this compound gave no convincing evidence of activity. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen, but the low dose administered means that the sensitivity of the study is limited (Schroeder et al., 1968; Kanisawa & Schroeder, 1969). Treating an iodide with manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid sublimes the iodine. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 14:111129. 235273. Garcia F, Ortega A, Domingo JL, Corbella J (2001) Accumulation of metals in autopsy tissues of subjects living in Tarragona County, Spain. (Tin(II) iodide)IMDG, IATA CORROSIVE SOLID, ACIDIC, INORGANIC, N.O.S. Electronic copies can be obtained at http://www.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/. In: Stellman J, ed. Tin(II) chloride (~330 mg of tin per kg body weight, single subcutaneous dose) and tin(II) tartrate (~9 mg of tin per kg body weight, single intraperitoneal dose) induced haem oxygenase in rat liver and kidney (Kappas & Maines, 1976; Maines & Kappas, 1977a; Kutty & Maines, 1984; Dwivedi et al., 1985b). Zareba G, Chmielnicka J (1989) Effects of tin and lead on organ levels of essential minerals in rabbits. The biomethylation of inorganic tin has been demonstrated in pure bacterial cultures, sediments, and decaying plant material. This dihydrate can be dehydrated to anhydrous using acetic anhydride.[6]. Environmental Pollution, 102:259263. CICADs join the Environmental Health Criteria documents (EHCs) as authoritative documents on the risk assessment of chemicals. Here water is the solvent because it dissolves the salt (solute). Other studies showed that tin(II) chloride (075 g/ml) caused lysogenic induction of E. coli K-12 and microscopically visible E. coli B filamentation (Bernardo-Filho et al., 1994). The solubility product constant (Ksp) for tin (II) iodide (SnI2) Thymus, 12:131134. Graf GG (1987) Tin, tin alloys, and tin compounds. Kawai S, Kurokawa Y, Harino H, Fukushima M (1998) Degradation of tributyltin by a bacterial strain isolated from polluted river water. Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. Identify compounds A and B. Talukder G, Ghosh BB, Sharma A (1989) Comparative clastogenic effects of organic and inorganic tin salts in vitro. The main use of tin, accounting for about 34% of annual global production, is for solder alloys for electrical/electronic and general industrial applications. Tin was given as 113Sn(II) chloride orally, intraperitoneally, or intravenously to mice, rats, monkeys, and dogs. However, data on these are included when encountered, as they can provide insights into the effects of other inorganic tin compounds. Average concentrations have been estimated to be 0.0020.03 g/m3 (Bigo et al., 1999), 0.001 g/m3 in northern hemisphere air (Byrd & Andreae, 1982), and less than 0.3 g/m3 (JECFA, 1989). Therefore, ingestion of reasonably sized portions containing inorganic tin at concentrations equal to the proposed standard for canned beverages (200 mg/kg) may lead to adverse reactions. La liste des participants cette runion figure lAppendice4. it is of concern to a range of countries (developed, developing, and those with economies in transition) for possible risk management; there is significant international trade; to ensure that each CICAD has been subjected to an appropriate and thorough peer review; to verify that the peer reviewers comments have been addressed appropriately; to provide guidance to those responsible for the preparation of CICADs on how to resolve any remaining issues if, in the opinion of the Board, the author has not adequately addressed all comments of the reviewers; and. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18(1):16. This paramagnetic black solid dissolves readily in water to give bluish-green solutions, [1] from which crystallizes the aquo complex [Ni (H 2 O) 6 ]I 2 (image above). Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 3:193202. Analysis of tissue samples from 20 deceased Spanish subjects (without known occupational tin exposure) found highest and lowest tin levels in bone (mean 6.2 mg/kg) and brain (mean 1 mg/kg), respectively (Llobet et al., 1998). British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49:355358. Sherlock JC, Smart GA (1984) Tin in foods and the diet. The Science of the Total Environment, 93:293300. Maines MD, Kappas A (1977a) Metals as regulators of heme metabolism. Administration of 100 mg of tin per kg in the diet for 4 weeks to weanling rats reduced copper levels in the duodenum, liver, kidneys, and femur and zinc levels in the kidneys and femur (Reicks & Rader, 1990; Rader et al., 1990). Tin and inorganic tin compounds. Burger J, Shukla T, Dixon C, Shukla S, McMahon MJ, Ramos R, Gochfeld M (2001) Metals in feathers of sooty tern, white tern, gray-backed tern, and brown noddy from islands in the North Pacific. 176177 (http://minerals.er.usgs.gov:80/minerals/pubs/commodity/tin/660303.pdf) [cited in ATSDR, 2003]. Tin (IV) hydride is another toxic nerve gas. Cellular immunity was assessed in a leukocyte adherence inhibition test (measuring a reduction in the proportion of spleen cells adhering to glass). Product Number: All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. In NTP studies, using groups of five animals per sex, the acute oral LD50 for tin(II) chloride was in excess of 1.5 g/kg body weight (the highest dose tested) in rats. El estao ingerido que no se absorbe se excreta fundamentalmente (9599%) en las heces en un plazo de 48 h. El estao absorbido se distribuye sobre todo en los huesos, pero tambin en los pulmones, el hgado y los riones. US Department of Health and Human Services Calculate the molar solubility of barium fluoride in each liquid or solution. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (Environmental Health Criteria 15). Average tin concentrations in air are generally below 0.1 g/m3, with higher concentrations near some industrial facilities. In another very limited study, 54 male and 54 female Charles River mice were given tin(II) chloride in the drinking-water (at 5 mg of tin per litre, equivalent to about 0.37 mg of tin per kg body weight per day) from weaning until natural death. Johnson MA, Greger JL (1985) Tin, copper, iron and calcium metabolism of rats fed various dietary levels of inorganic tin and zinc. Chemical toxicology and clinical chemistry of metals. In four young adult dogs, the tin concentration in thymus was about twice the concentrations in the spleen or muscle (Sherman & Cardarelli, 1988). Dantas FJS, Moraes MO, Carvalho EF, Bernardo-Filho M, Caldiera-de-Araujo A (1999) Stannous chloride mediated single strand breaks in plasmid DNA through reactive oxygen species formation. ICRP (2001) The ICRP database of dose coefficients: Workers and members of the public. Average tin concentrations in air are generally below 0.1g/m3 (ranging up to 0.8 g/m3), with higher concentrations near some industrial facilities. After intrathoracic injection of tin needles (4 mg) into 43 male Marsh mice, the implants were engulfed by giant cells with some adjacent nodular fibroplasia and a new network of capillaries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 74:18751878. Washington, DC, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Les donnes disponibles sur les troubles chez lhomme de labsorption du zinc dus ltain ingr sont limites. Concentration and fluxes. These figures are in line with reports that absorption of tin(II) chloride is generally below 5% (Kutzner & Brod, 1971; Furchner & Drake, 1976; Fritsch et al., 1977; Sullivan et al., 1984). II. There was no induction of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in three successive broods produced by D. melanogaster fed 1.25 mmol of tin(II) fluoride per litre (described as "close to the LD50") in 5% saccharose (Gocke et al., 1981). Workers developed pneumoconiosis after 68 years of employment. 82-1787) (http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=07064E98-F2DA-B933-18D053539DC22EDC). Trace metals in sea water. Following a single gavage dose of 20 mg/kg body weight of radiolabelled 113Sn(II) or 113Sn(IV) as the fluoride or citrate, the tissue distribution of tin in rats after 48 h as a percentage of the administered tin(II) or tin(IV), respectively, was as follows: skeleton, 1.0% and 0.24%; liver, 0.08% and 0.02%; and kidneys, 0.09% and 0.02%. the elderly, children, and pregnant women). Dimitrov NV, Meyer C, Nahhas F, Miller C, Averill BA (1981) Effect of tin on immune responses of mice. In a survey of Canadian waters, nearly 80% of samples were found to contain inorganic tin at concentrations below 1 g/litre; higher levels of up to 37 g/litre were reported near pollution sources (Maguire et al., 1986). I. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The results suggested a LOEL for inorganic tin orally administered of 0.6 mg/kg body weight per day (Yamaguchi & Okada, 1980; Yamaguchi et al., 1980b). (11 points). MathJax reference. The major tin-producing countries are China, Indonesia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Australia, and significant quantities are also produced in Malaysia and Thailand. Biological Trace Element Research, 28:165172. Le chlorure dtain (II) est soluble dans leau, les autres composs stanniques ntant que peu solubles. An NTP study found no evidence of mutagenic activity when tin(II) chloride (up to about 0.1 mg/ml; slightly toxic) was incubated with mouse lymphoma cells, with and without rat liver S9 (Myhr & Caspary, 1991). Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 15(1):4449. Therefore, the Committee concluded that the short-term intake estimates were not particularly relevant for the assessment, as they were estimated likely doses of total inorganic tin. Wong PTS, Chau YK, Kramar O, Bengert GA (1982) Structuretoxicity relationship of tin compounds on algae. Transient eye and nasal irritation occurred in guinea-pigs exposed to tin(IV) chloride by inhalation. A standard outline has been developed to encourage consistency in form. Ksp for lead(II) iodide is 9.8 x10^-9 Pendergrass EP, Pryde AW (1948) Benign pneumoconiosis due to tin oxide. At 0.3% and above, these compounds caused growth retardation, decreased food efficiency, mild anaemia, and slight histological changes in the liver. 1907/2006 (REACH). Rats and cats given (by stomach tube) orange juice supplying tin (derived from containers) at 720 mg/kg body weight excreted 99% of the dose in the faeces within 48 h (Benoy et al., 1971). Inorganic tin compounds may be bioconcentrated by organisms, but data are limited. In the reaction of tin (IV) iodide in acetone and water, the solution turns a urine yellow. This is described by "like . This condition is characterized by mottled shadows on the lungs, apparently caused by tin(IV) oxide deposits. Geneva, International Organization for Standardization (http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=38288). Radiology, 132:711716. Iodine forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens. There is no concrete evidence that suggests a dietary requirement of tin, except for the fact that it is a constituent of the gastrine hormone (see earlier). Les concentrations plus leves en tain inorganique sont lies la prsence de dcharges industrielles et lutilisation du tributyltain. Canberra, Australia New Zealand Food Authority [cited in JECFA, 2001]. Tin occurs naturally as the stable isotopes 112Sn (0.97%), 114Sn (0.65%), 115Sn (0.36%), 116Sn (14.5%), 117Sn (7.7%), 118Sn (24.2%), 119Sn (8.6%), 120Sn (32.6%), 122Sn (4.6%), and 124Sn (5.8%) (de Bivre & Barnes, 1985). It is also involved in the synthesis of CH 3 (CH 2) 11 NH 3 ]SnI 3 which is a hybrid semiconductor . At 1% tin(II) chloride (about 315 mg of tin per kg body weight per day), marked growth retardation and some deaths occurred. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Results with 27 chemicals. However, others reported that a single dose of 36 mg tin (again, as tin(II) chloride), taken with up to 6 mg zinc (as radiolabelled zinc dichloride), resulted in a lower zinc retention (whole-body counting) 710 days later (Valberg et al., 1984). Tin(IV) chloride reacts with water to generate colloidal tin oxides (Wiberg et al., 2001). The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In summary, occupational exposure to tin(IV) oxide dust or fumes has induced stannosis, with no indication of fibrosis or apparent disability beyond chest X-ray opacities. The recovery of 99% of administered tin in the faeces and the lack of detectable urinary tin in the 24 h following ingestion of tin (720 mg/kg body weight) in orange juice by rats and cats indicate a very low gastrointestinal absorption of tin (Benoy et al., 1971). der Meulen HC, Feron VJ, Til HP (1974) Pancreatic atrophy and other pathological changes in rats following the feeding of stannous chloride. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44(1):140145. To study the potential of inorganic tin compounds to affect the immune system, male C57BL/6J mice were given tin(II) chloride and tin(IV) chloride at approximately 5 and 3.5 mg of tin per kg body weight, respectively, by intraperitoneal injection. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. Applications for tin include soldering, plating, and such alloys as pewter. In the multigeneration study in CPB:WU rats described above, tin did not affect numbers of offspring per litter or birth weight. It was estimated that the bioconcentration factors of inorganic tin were 100, 1000, and 3000 for marine and freshwater plants, invertebrates, and fish, respectively (Thompson et al., 1972). Bonn, University of Bonn, Institute of Applied Physics (http://www.iap.uni-bonn.de/ag_giessen/index.html?research/photoniccrystals.html). The literature on long-term inhalation of inorganic tin consists mainly of case-reports in humans, with poor exposure assessment and old methods of examination. Calculate its molar solubility (in mol/L) in a Oppenheimer BS, Oppenheimer ET, Danishefsky I, Stout AP (1956) Carcinogenic effect of metals in rodents. a CAS number given in Westrum & Thomassen (2002). In vitro studies using rat small intestine suggested that absorption of tin occurs by passive diffusion (Kojima et al., 1978). Interference with the status of minerals has been observed at similar oral doses (0.60.7 mg of tin per kg body weight per day) in humans and laboratory animals. Unters. It only takes a minute to sign up. The incidences of subjects reporting an adverse effect (3/23, 0/23, and 4/23 in the control, low-dose, and high-dose groups, respectively) bore no clear relationship with dose. Falke AM, Weber JH (1994) Methylation of inorganic tin by decaying Spartina alterniflora in estuarine water and by estuarine water. The Science of the Total Environment, 148:3944. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 16:209223. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologia, 15(4):427432. The iodine atom has a radius of 140 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 198 pm. Acute toxicity of inorganic tin compounds by intravenous and intraperitoneal injection is considerably higher than acute toxicity by the oral route. Vannoort R, Cressey P, Silvers K (2000) 1997/98 New Zealand Total Diet Survey. Generally, as can be seen from Figure 1, the acute toxicity to aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Despaux N, Bohuon C, Comoy E, Boudene C (1977) Postulated mode of action of metals on purified human ALA-dehydratase (EC 4-2-1-24). Tin was seldom present in the lung tissue of newborn babies in the USA. However, individual comparisons between the high-dose group and the low-dose or control groups were not statistically significant, the 6% incidence in the high-dose group was within the laboratorys historical control range (6/289; overall mean 2.1%, range 06%), and results of statistical tests on incidences of combined lung adenomas and carcinomas were not significant. On acute ingestion, tin salts (e.g. Keep unprotected persons away.Ensure adequate ventilationEnvironmental precautions: Do not allow material to be released to the environment without official permits.Methods and materials for containment and cleanup:Use neutralizing agent.Dispose of contaminated material as waste according to section 13.Ensure adequate ventilation.Prevention of secondary hazards: No special measures required.Reference to other sectionsSee Section 7 for information on safe handlingSee Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.See Section 13 for disposal information. London, Academic Press, pp. Conserve cans are partially recycled. En las primeras referencias bibliogrficas hay algunos casos de exposicin ocupacional a polvo y humo que contenan xido de estao (IV) insoluble que indujo una pneumoconiosis benigna (estannosis). Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 30:119123. Hot concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with tin to form tin(II) sulfate, whereas the diluted acid reacts only slowly with tin at room temperature. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. An ionic compound that does dissolve in water is said to be soluble. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 35:2128. Other groups of nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were also given 125, 250, or 500 mg of tin per kg in the diet, but as sodium pentafluorostannite, throughout pregnancy. Tin-resistant bacteria contained tin at 3.77.7 g/kg dry weight (Maguire et al., 1984). Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experincia ao usurio. However, speciation under environmental conditions favours the tin oxide compounds, which have low toxicity in organisms largely due to their low solubility, poor absorption, low accumulation in tissues, and rapid excretion. Limited evidence is consistent with the suggestion that tin-induced DNA damage might result from the production of reactive oxygen species. 1) In your experiment, you refluxed a mixture of iodine and tin for about 40 minutes. Superconductor magnets, cylinder blocks in engines and drum brakes contain this metal. In: Hoekstra WG, ed. Atlanta, GA, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hazdat.html). New York, NY, Wiley & Sons, pp. Tin (II) Iodide Health & Safety Information View and Print SDS About Tin (II) Iodide Tin Iodide is generally immediately available in most volumes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 46:906912. Use fire-fighting measures that suit the surrounding fire.Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureIf this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:Hydrogen iodide (HI)Metal oxide fumeAdvice for firefightersProtective equipment:Wear self-contained respirator.Wear fully protective impervious suit. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Tin accumulated in the tibia and kidneys in a dose-dependent manner (Johnson & Greger, 1985). The dihydrate is also three-coordinate, with one water coordinated on to the tin, and a second water coordinated to the first. The complexes contained a central transition metal bonded surrounded by a number of negatively or positively charged molecules. Birge WJ (1978) Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash. ISO (2000) Workplace air Determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Part 1: Sampling. Stannous iodide; Tin diiodide, stannous diiodide; tin(2+) diiodide; , diiodotin, tin(II) diiodide. Inorganic species. Vol. Tin concentrations in canned foods increase with storage time and temperature. Chmielnicka J, Zareba G, Grabowska U (1992) Protective effect of zinc on heme biosynthesis disturbances in rabbits after administration per os of tin. The data suggest that mucosal barriers are effective in preventing tin absorption at low doses but are overcome at higher doses (Savolainen & Valkonen, 1986). See more Tin(II) iodide. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 14). Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. van Vleet JF (1982) Amounts of twelve elements required to induce seleniumvitamin E deficiency in ducklings. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes, and 36,000 lb. Hlebnikova MJ (1957) [Hygienic characteristics of dust in the production of tin.] Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 50(9):16671679. In: Wong CS, Boyle E, Bruland KW, Burton JD, Goldberg ED, eds. It has been suggested that selenium protects essential thiol groups in ALAD that are otherwise blocked by tin (Chiba et al., 1985a, 1985b; Chiba & Shinohara, 1992). When E. coli were incubated with tin(II) chloride at 075 g/ml, there was a concentration-related decrease in survival. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84:24642468. Dewanjee MK, Wahner HW (1979) Pharmacodynamics of stannous chelates administered with 99mTc-labeled chelates. A report of 2 cases. There was evidence that this DNA damage was repairable (Dantas et al., 2002a). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 47:441444. X. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 3:271276 [cited in JECFA, 1982]. Few data on biotransformation are available. Intraperitoneal injection of selenium (as sodium selenite) simultaneously with tin(II) chloride in ICR mice completely prevents tin-induced ALAD inhibition. The iodine atom has a radius of 140 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 198 pm. Yamaguchi M, Naganawa M, Yamamoto T (1976) Decreased gastric secretion in rats treated with stannous chloride. Verger, National Institute for Agricultural Research, France (FAO Consultant), Mrs H. Wallin, National Food Administration, Finland (FAO Consultant), Dr D.B. Theuer RC, Mahoney AW, Sarett HP (1971) Placental transfer of fluoride and tin in rats given various fluoride and tin salts. One of the curves represents carbon dioxide (CO2); the other represents tin(II) iodide (SnI2). Why is tin (IV) iodide soluble in acetone? Other investigators have studied the effects of inorganic tin compounds on body balance of important minerals. Atmospheric concentrations of tin of 16 and 0.2 g/m3 were reported for manual metal arc mild steel welding and arc stainless steel high nickel welding, respectively. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47:665676. Tin concentrations in topsoil (07.6 cm) from the western end of East St. Louis, Illinois, USA, ranged from <13 to 1130 mg/kg. They may be complemented by information from IPCS Poison Information Monographs (PIM), similarly produced separately from the CICAD process. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 68:110115. Leau de boisson nest pas une source importante dtain inorganique et lapport pourrait se situer au voisinage de 0,012-0,02 mg/jour. This reaction is not violent, but in just a few minutes, it is completely hydrolysed. . The difference observed between tin(II) and tin(IV) chloride in their effects on the immune response in C57BL/6J mice (see section 8.7) also suggests that these two oxidation states are not readily interconverted in vivo (Dimitrov et al., 1981). Please sign in to view account pricing and product availability. The first study involved ingestion of 250 ml of tomato juice to which tin(II) chloride had been added to give tin concentrations of 161, 264, or 529 mg/kg. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 78:1928. Chemical Mutagenesis, 6:149173. Taylor D, Maddock BG, Mance G (1985) The acute toxicity of nine "grey list" metals (arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, tin, vanadium and zinc) to two marine fish species: dab (Limanda limanda) and grey mullet (Chelon labrosus). solution of 0.50 M potassium iodide (KI). Following single gavage administration of 113Sn(II) or 113Sn(IV) as the citrate or fluoride to rats, absorption was estimated to be 2.85% and 0.64% of the 20 mg/kg body weight dose for the 2+ and 4+ oxidation states, respectively, based on 48-h recovery of radioactivity in the urine and tissues. El estao tambin se utiliza mucho (alrededor del 25-30% de la produccin) como revestimiento protector de otros metales, en particular para recipientes de alimentos. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43:511525. 219240 (DOE Symposium Series 48). I. Pathologia Europaea, 9:185192. Eisei Kagaku, 32(1):4653 (in Japanese). In an antigen rosette formation test (measuring agglutination of red blood cells around lymphocytes), the response was significantly stimulated by tin(II) chloride and suppressed by tin(IV) chloride; these effects had disappeared by day 13. The Science of the Total Environment, 13:8790. A27. American Journal of Epidemiology, 96:219226. Tin(II) chloride, phytate, and fluoride all caused DNA damage (strand breaks) in human white blood cells, although this potential was not realized when the tin was chelated with EDTA (Swierenga & McLean, 1983). . Injection of tin(II) chloride can stimulate or depress the central nervous system of rats (Silva et al., 2002). Levine S, Sowinski R (1982) Plasmacellular lymphadenopathy produced in rats by tin. Dantas FJS, de Mattos JCP, Moraes MO, Viana ME, Lage CAS, Cabral-Neto JB, Leitao AC, Bernardo-Filho M, Bezerra RJAC, Carvalho JJ, Caldeira-de-Araujo A (2002a) Genotoxic effects of stannous chloride (SnCl2) in K562 cell line. If no source document is available, IPCS may produce a de novo risk assessment document if the cost is justified. ISO, 2003b) and in fruit (ISO, 1998, 2004). Dannecker W, Schroder B, Stechmann H (1990) Organic and inorganic substances in highway tunnel exhaust air. In culture, tin(II) chloride induced chromosome damage and SCEs in hamster ovary cells and DNA damage in human lymphocytes, hamster ovary cells, and plasmid DNA. tin (II) iodide Group of substances: inorganic Physical appearance: orange-red monoclinic crystals Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances): I 2 Sn Structural formula as text: SnI2 Molar/atomic mass: 372.5 Melting point (C): 320 Boiling point (C): 718 Solubility (g/100 g of solvent): acetone: soluble [ Ref.] II. When tin was given orally at 60 mg/kg body weight per day for 3 days (as tin(II) chloride), insulin secretion and hepatic phosphorylase activity were inhibited in rats (Yamaguchi et al., 1978a, 1978b), as were active transport of calcium and mucosal alkaline phosphatase activity in the duodenum, and bile calcium content was increased (Yamaguchi & Yamamoto, 1978; Yamaguchi et al., 1979). By comparison, drinking-water and inhaled air contribute insignificant amounts. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 9:4046. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(18):30413053. Tin(II) chloride did not induce mutations or gene conversions in strain D7 of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Singh, 1983). Pawlik-Skowronska B, Kaczorowska R, Skowronski T (1997) The impact of inorganic tin on the planktonic cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis: The effect of pH and humic acid. En otro estudio se notific que una dosis nica de 36 mg de estao (tambin en forma de cloruro de estao (II)), ingerida con zinc haba dado lugar a una menor retencin del zinc. Las CL50 a las 96 horas para los peces vara entre 35 mg de estao (II) por litro y >1000 mg de estao (IV) por litro. [2] This bluish-green colour is typical of hydrated nickel(II) compounds. Biological Trace Element Research, 8:263282. Sn can also an oxidation state of +2: tin(II) oxide SnO, tin(II) chloride SnCl, tin(II) hydroxideSn(OH). Additional information about design of technical systems:Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.Control parametersComponents with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:None.Additional information: No dataExposure controlsPersonal protective equipmentFollow typical protective and hygienic practices for handling chemicals.Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and feed.Remove all soiled and contaminated clothing immediately.Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work.Avoid contact with the eyes and skin.Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.Breathing equipment: Use suitable respirator when high concentrations are present.Protection of hands:Impervious glovesInspect gloves prior to use.The selection of suitable gloves not only depends on the material, but also on quality. Tin compounds have been subjected to only limited testing for genotoxicity potential. (1994) reported that tin concentrations in ambient air in three copper alloy industries ranged from 1 to 4 g/m3. Le fluorure dtain (II) a provoqu des lsions de lADN dans des cultures de lymphocytes humains, mais na pas induit chez la souris la formation de micronoyaux dans la moelle osseuse aprs injection intrapritonale; les tests de Ames raliss avec ces composs nont pas donn de signe convaincant de leur activit. London, United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Food Standards Agency (Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, (Concise international chemical assessment document ; 65), 1.Tin - adverse effects 2.Tin compounds - adverse effects, 3.Risk assessment 4.Environmental exposure I.International, ISBN 92 4 153065 0 (LC/NLM Classification: QV 618). Chemosphere, 16:429443. It is unknown exactly how much tin contributes to toxicity. Cincinnati, OH, US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 94-113) (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/). The first of these source documents was prepared by the Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards and considered the literature identified as of March 2002 (Westrum & Thomassen, 2002). Khangarot BS (1991) Toxicity of metals to a freshwater tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex (Muller). Biomedicine, 27:358361. NICKEL BROMIDE is a yellow, crystalline material, mildly toxic, carcinogenic. It is a constituent of fire extinguishers, and of electro-industrial wastewater. Diffusely reddened gastric and duodenal mucosa, as well as mucosal hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the entire small bowel, were seen at autopsy in a study in which Wistar rats were fed a diet containing tin(II) chloride for 13 weeks. At 161 mg/kg, one volunteer (of 18) reported mild gastrointestinal symptoms; typical acute symptoms were seen at 264 and 529 mg/kg. Valberg LS, Flanagan PR, Chamberlain MJ (1984) Effects of iron, tin and copper on zinc absorption in humans. When using do not eat or drink. Using B. subtilis strains H17(rec+) and H45(rec), four tin salts (tin(II) chloride, tin(IV) chloride, tin(II) sulfate, and sodium stannate) gave no evidence of an ability to cause DNA damage, although the investigators noted that the two chlorides were highly toxic to the bacteria, which would have reduced the sensitivity of the test (Kada et al., 1980). Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 15:331340. Total tin concentrations in soil can range from <1 to 200 mg/kg, but levels of 1000 mg/kg may occur in areas of high tin deposits. Tipton IH, Cook MJ (1963) Trace elements in human tissue. The growth depression caused by tin was not alleviated by enriching the diet with iron and copper (de Groot et al., 1973). Nickel (II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula NiI 2. A listing of the peer reviewers comments not incorporated in the profile, with a brief explanation of the rationale for their exclusion, exists as part of the administrative record for this compound. Of the two recent studies on the acute gastrointestinal effects of tin, one showed a LOAEL of approximately 66 mg of tin (264 mg/kg food). Tin occurs as 10 stable and 19 instable isotopes. International Journal of Epidemiology, 21:437441. Mme de telles concentrations, les effets toxiques provoqus par ltain inorganique sont improbables, y compris proximit des sources de pollution locales. Information on basic physical and chemical propertiesAppearance:Form: PowderColor: Yellow to redOdor: No data availableOdor threshold: No data available.pH: N/AMelting point/Melting range: 320 C (608 F)Boiling point/Boiling range: 720 C (1328 F) (dec)Sublimation temperature / start: No data availableFlammability (solid, gas) No data available.Ignition temperature: No data availableDecomposition temperature: No data availableAutoignition: No data available.Danger of explosion: No data available.Explosion limits:Lower: No data availableUpper: No data availableVapor pressure: N/ADensity at 20 C (68 F): 5.28 g/cm3 (44.062 lbs/gal)Relative density No data available.Vapor density N/AEvaporation rate N/ASolubility in / Miscibility withWater: InsolublePartition coefficient (n-octanol/water): No data available.Viscosity:Dynamic: N/AKinematic: N/AOther information No data available, Reactivity No data availableChemical stability Stable under recommended storage conditions.Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided: Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.Possibility of hazardous reactions Reacts with strong oxidizing agentsConditions to avoid No data availableIncompatible materials:AirWater/moistureBasesOxidizing agentsLightHazardous decomposition products:Hydrogen iodide (HI)Metal oxide fume. An environmental study. I. Potassium Iodide (KI), a white crystal, was found to be soluble in deionized water (polar). The presence of humic acids reduced the toxicity of tin. La concentracin de estao en la corteza terrestre es aproximadamente de 23 mg/kg. Sediment cores collected in January 1996 from Central Park Lake in New York City, New York, USA, contained average tin concentrations ranging from 4.0 mg/kg at a depth of 4447 cm to 67 mg/kg at a depth of 2224 cm. Other samples, such as groundwater, industrial wastes, soils, sediments, sludges, and other solid wastes, require digestion prior to analysis to determine total and acid-leachable metal (US EPA, 1992). En algunos estudios, la inclusin de cloruro de estao (II) en la alimentacin durante 413 semanas produjo cambios en el tejido gastrointestinal indicativos de irritacin local. Tin dichloride diiodide; stannic dichloride diiodide. For rat liver and kidney, the biological half-life of tin(II) has been estimated to be 1020 days. A) 1.5 x 10-3 B) 3.1 x 10-3 C) 4.2 x 10-4 D) 3.5 x 10-9 E) 1.4 x 10-8 17. In NTP studies, food grade purity (98.5%) tin(II) chloride was given to F344/N rats (groups of 10 per sex) at 0, 500, 1000, 1900, 3800, or 7500 mg/kg in the diet for 13 weeks. Laffection est caractrise par des opacits micronodulaires des poumons, provoque apparemment par les dpts doxyde dtain (IV). Budavari S, ed. Why is operating on Float64 faster than Float16? Hygien och milj, 6:2527. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 331:707712. British Journal of Nutrition, 71:103109. Sn2+ ions possess antibacterial activity, whereas Sn4+ ions do not (Svatun et al., 1977; Ferretti et al., 1982; Rolla et al., 1983; Ellingsen & Rolla, 1987; Rykke et al., 1991). Toxicity increased with increasing tin concentrations, time of exposure, and pH value of the medium (in the pH range 7.09.8); tin(II) seemed to be more toxic than tin(IV). En un estudio con voluntarios se observ que la aparicin de zinc en el plasma entre una y cuatro horas despus de la administracin de una dosis de zinc no se vio afectada por la ingestin simultnea de hasta 100 mg de estao (en forma de cloruro de estao (II)). 7981. Refractive Index : n 20D 2.11 Several in vitro studies also gave negative results, but inorganic tin compounds have induced DNA damage in human white blood cells, hamster ovary cells, and E. coli bacteria, as well as chromosome damage in hamster ovary cells. It is unclear to what extent those individuals whose zinc status is marginal may be at extra risk due to consumption of tin in food. In: Merian E, ed. Hoechst AG (1995) Unverffentl. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION, 5.1 Environmental transport and distribution, 6. See more Iodine products. Journal of the Faculty of Radiologists, 6:224233. De mme, la concentration en tain inorganique dans lair tant faible, la quantit inhale est trs faible, probablement infrieure 0,01-0,02 mg/jour environ. If the units should have been reported as mol, then the doses were only 2080 g per person. Cancer Research, 29:892895. Cooney JJ (1988) Microbial transformations of tin and tin compounds. Chiba M, Kikuchi M (1984) The in vitro effects of zinc and manganese on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity inhibited by lead or tin. APHA, AWWA, WEF (1998c) Metals flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, 3111. JECFA has concluded that limited human data indicate that acute manifestations of gastric irritation may arise, in certain individuals, from the consumption of 150 mg of tin per litre in canned beverages or 250 mg of tin per kg in other canned foods. Langston et al. New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons, pp. Atmospheric Environment, 35(2):415425. Blunden S, Wallace T (2003) Tin in canned food: a review and understanding of occurrence and effect. For example, tin(II) fluoride inhibited hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme activity in Charles River CD albino rats when given at 30 mg of tin per kg body weight by single intraperitoneal dose (Shargel & Masnyj, 1981). Otras fuentes naturales menos significativas son los incendios forestales y las emisiones volcnicas. When it comes in contact with hot water vapour a reaction results, forming tinoxide and hydrogen: Some tin compounds hydrolyse in water. En general, el estao se encuentra en cantidades insignificantes en las aguas naturales. Although adequate ultrasensitive analytical techniques (ICP-MS and radiochemical neutron activation) have been developed for the measurement of tin in tissues and urine (see section 3), relationships between tin dose and biological indicators have not yet been established for inorganic tin (Versieck & Vanballenberghe, 1991; Schramel et al., 1997). New!! ),Boling Point:714 C (lit. there is the probability of exposure; and/or. Mitchell B, Gerdes RA (1973) Mutagenic effects of sodium and stannous fluoride upon Drosophila melanogaster. Nuclear Medicine, 10:286297 (in German). The reaction usually works best with aromatic nitriles Aryl-CN. Robertson AJ, Rivers D, Nagelschmidt G, Duncumb P (1961) Stannosis: Benign pneumoconiosis due to tin oxide. Tin concentrations in canned milk were shown to increase during storage (Ramonaityte, 2001). 63. Total tin concentrations in the livers of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) were less than 0.4 mg/kg dry weight (<0.1 mg/kg wet weight) (Malcolm et al., 1994). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 24:266274. Toxicology, 108:7378. The possible mechanism is unknown, but calcium, magnesium, and manganese cations also activate acetylcholinesterase (Tomlinson et al., 1981), suggesting a possible effect on the deacylation phase of enzymesubstrate reactions (Tomlinson et al., 1981; Savolainen & Valkonen, 1986). Common solder, an alloy of 63% tin and lead, is mainly used in the electrical industry; lead-free tin solders containing up to 5% silver or antimony are used at higher temperatures. Tin occurs naturally in the Earths crust, with an average concentration of approximately 23 mg/kg (Budavari, 2001). Fortunately, these may be microbially decomposed in soils. New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons, pp. Hattori T, Maehashi H (1993) Facilitation of transmitter release from mouse motor nerve terminals by stannous chloride. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 21:160179. Tin(II) dominates in reduced (oxygen-poor) water and will readily precipitate as tin(II) sulfide or as tin(II) hydroxide in alkaline water. Schwarz K (1974a) New essential trace elements (Sn, V, F, Si): Progress report and outlook. Some documentation and label information may refer to the legacy brand. However, others were unable to demonstrate any clear inhibition of the plasma appearance of zinc after 14 h when human volunteers ingested a single dose of 25, 50, or 100 mg of tin (as tin(II) chloride) with 12.5 mg of zinc (Solomons et al., 1983). Journal of the American Dental Association, 125:392399. Burger J, Gochfeld M (2000) Metals in Laysan albatrosses from Midway Atoll. New York, NY, Academic Press, pp. The solubility product of tin(IV) hydroxide has been measured at approximately 1056 g/litre at 25C. US EPA (1986) Tin (atomic absorption, direct aspiration) method 7870. Plants readily absorb tin, but do not apply it. 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