DF-5 (Dong Feng-5/CSS-4), Missile Threat, CSIS Missile Defense Project, last modified 18 November 2019, accessed 15 March 2021, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Chapter Six: Asia,. This page is not available in other languages. "[13] After the reform, PLA special operations forces are organized under the combined corps level, as special operations brigades (Chinese: ; pinyin: Tzhnl). Media in category "Military OrBat Graphics/China" . [5] Garrison divisions were static, artillery-heavy units deployed along the coastline and borders in areas of likely attack. These facts are mostly conjectural, and the total number of deployed CJ-10s is a mystery; the Department of Defense reported at least three hundred CJ-10 missiles as of 2020, but previous estimates vary from mid-two hundred to over five hundred missiles.25 China has been extremely secretive regarding this weapons system, using numerous designations as well as intentional conflation with the DF-11 ballistic missile in numerous publications to further obfuscate the true nature of this system.26 While China is no stranger to military deception, the deliberate attempts to hide the CJ-10s capabilities is unusual. They were the PLA units commonly used to restore order during the Cultural Revolution. 1. Approximately half of these are short-range weapons intended for use against Taiwan. [39][40] Along with the uniform, a new communication system, personal computer, tactical interface, and assault rifle family QBZ-191, new variants of the QSZ-92 pistol family, along with whole new sets of weapon systems are also being adopted by the PLAGF since 2019. [M]. [21] Special operation brigades provide organic deep reconnaissance and commando operation capability to the combined arms maneuver operations of their respective group armies, and they are highly specialized to operate in their specific theater. The standard kit includes Type 07 camouflage uniforms, helmet, tactical vest, gas mask, backpack, first-aid kit, infantry weapons, woven belt, rain cap, camouflaged uniform, kettle, and combat boots. In 1987 the PLA ground forces, which relied upon obsolescent but serviceable equipment, were most anxious to improve defenses against armored vehicles and aircraft. Air Force PLAAF Order of Battle The PLA Air Force underwent reorganization and streamlining as part of the general reduction in military forces begun in 1985. He commissioned as an engineer officer and holds a BS in history from the U.S. Military Academy, an MS in engineering management from the Missouri University of Science and Technology, and an MS in nuclear engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology. ***** People's Liberation Army Air Force: 12 885 aircraft manned by 716 700 personnel (include support + air bases personnel) . With 23rd Army in Korea. However, regular infantrymen rarely use the issued body armor stored in the armory. The DF-26 will likely supplant the older DF-3, with a similar range profile but greatly increased accuracy, deployment time, and the potential benefits of a dual-capable system.45 There are roughly one hundred launchers and as many missiles for the DF-26, though the ratio of nuclear to conventional is not known. [26] They can also attend a military academy to become officers after evaluations. New recruits have no military ranks before the boot camp is completed, and they will be awarded the rank of private after they have graduated from the induction training. The PLA ground forces consist of conventionally armed main and regional units, which in 1987 made up over 70 percent of the PLA. [8] At combined arms brigade level, brigade HQ can deploy various combined arms battalions composited with tanks, assault guns, and infantry fight vehicles (IFV) such as the ZTZ-99A tank, the ZBD-04A IFV, the ZBL-08 IFV, the ZTL-11 assault gun, and the CSK-181 MRAP fast-attack vehicle. over 1 year ago; More; Cancel; Related Recommended Support / Hotline: Help Desk 808-472-7855 / However, a growing number of land and air combat divisions have been disbanded in favour of brigades, a process largely completed by the time the 2015 PLA reforms were implemented around 2017. Kristensen and Korda, Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2020, 444; Logan, Making Sense of Chinas Missile Forces, 402. 22nd Aviation Division - transferred to Shenyang MRAF 1985; disbanded in September 1992. Chinas newest ICBM, the DF-41, is solid-fueled and has both silo and road-mobile variants, with a maximum theoretical range of fifteen thousand kilometers. It provided a good conventional defense, but in 1987 had only limited offensive potential and was poorly equipped for nuclear, biological, or chemical warfare. The IISS Military Balance 2012 listed nine armoured divisions as part of the People's Liberation Army.[27]. Strengthening ballistic missile defenses in these nations will degrade the danger of overwhelming long-range precision fires at the onset of a conflict that the PLARF is designed to provide. The CCP Central Committee's Military Commission (zhongyang junshi weiyuanhui), or CMC, began using the terms Liberation Army (jiefangjun) and People's Liberation Army (renmin jiefangjun) as early as 1945 to identify the concept of a single armed forces. Indirect fire is provided by the QLG-10 grenade launcher. [8], The People's Liberation Army Ground Force has standing regular army and reserve force. C. Todd Lopez, China Pursues Own Nuclear Triad, Doubling of Nuclear Capability, U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) News, 1 September 2020, accessed 12 March 2021, Christopher Mihal, A Cruel Wind from the East: Chinas DF-17 and DF-ZF,, Adam Ni and Bates Gill, Chinas New Missile Force: New Ambitions, New Challenges (Part 1),. DF-16 (Dong Feng-16/CSS-11),Missile Threat, CSIS Missile Defense Project, 16 November 2017, last modified 23 June 2020, accessed 15 March 2021, Ian Williams and Masao Dahlgren, More Than Missiles: China Previews Its New Way of War,. Infantry squads vary in composition based on the type of combined arms battalions. Other areas of improvement are its battlefield C4ISR capabilities, with the introduction of satellite communications, wireless networks, and digital radios, army commanders are now able to maintain constant communications with their front-line units while on the move. [6] While the size of the PLA Ground Force has been reduced over the past few decades, technology-intensive elements such as special operations forces (SOF), army aviation (helicopters), surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and electronic warfare units have all been rapidly expanded. It appears that twenty per cent or even more of the seventy new armies were disestablished up to 1953; in 1952 alone, the 3rd, 4th, 10th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Armies were disbanded. [7], The latest operational doctrine of the PLA ground forces highlights the importance of information technology, electronic and information warfare, and long-range precision strikes in future warfare. The division echelon is phased out with only a limited number of division structures remaining existent. U.S. counterspace 8. [11], PLAGF branches of service (Chinese: ; pinyin: Bngzhng) are composed of infantry (including mechanized infantry), tank, artillery, air defense, aviation, military engineering, anti-chemical (nuclear, biological and chemical defense), communications, special operation, logistics, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, etc. All figures below are provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2010. pp.162. The Dongfeng-17 (DF-17), a hypersonic weapon used for precision strikes against medium and close targets, is displayed to the public for the first time 1 October 2019 during the National Day Parade in Beijing. [12], PLA operational structure reflects China's strategic missions, political environment, and geographical circumstances. [7][bettersourceneeded], Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Peter Pace shakes hands with Chinese tankers at Shenyang in 2007, Soldiers of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force in 2011, PLAGF and Oregon National Guard work alongside during a disaster response exercise in 2017, PLAGF infantryman at the International Army Games in 2021, The People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) operates under the command authority of the Central Military Commission through theater commands (TC). Trevethan, Lawrence, and China Aerospace Studies Institute (U.S.), Brigadization of the PLA Air Force, 2018. DF-5/CSS-4. [22], Soldiers may use Comrade to formally address another member of the military ("comrade" plus rank or position, as in "comrade Sergeant", "comrade squad leader", or simply "comrade(s)" when lacking information about the person's rank, or talking to several service people. More than half of Chinas nuclear capability resides in the PLARF; the rest are either stockpiled or launched from submarines, along with a handful of nuclear gravity bombs for the PLA air force, specifically for use by the H-6K bomber.18. Nuclear Stability Back to Top 1. Enlarge the figure. Indian Army is the largest service of the Indian Armed Forces. A liquid-fueled ICBM carrying a 3.3-megaton nuclear warhead, the DF-4 is an older design that may be phased out in favor of the DF-31 or the DF-41. U.S. Army nuclear and counter-weapons of mass destruction officers would be invaluable at the operational level in the event of a conflict with a nuclear power such as China. January 1, 1988. The PLAAF is organized into air corps, ground-to-air missile corps, anti-aircraft artillery corps, radar corps, parachute corps and other professional forces. [8] Aside from the standardized command structure, several military district units are directly subordinated to the Army headquarters, usually in areas PLAGF leaderships deemed sensitive, including Beijing, Hong Kong, and Xinjiang. 67th Motorised Infantry Brigade, 23rd Group Army, 'demobilised' during 2003 reductions cycle (Blasko 2006, 77). Different from Western-style special operations forces, PLAGF special operations brigades focus on operating in conventional military environments with missions focusing on reconnaissance, target acquisition, sabotage, raids, and search and rescue. Theater commands are defence-orientated tactical, political, and bureaucratic organizations entrusted to operate in different geographic areas of China. Joseph Trevithick, The War Zone: How Chinas Ballistic Missile and Nuclear Arsenal Is Ballooning According to the Pentagon, The Drive, 3 September 2020, accessed 15 March 2021. For example, heavy combined arms battalions consist of battalions HQ company (including subordinate medic, reconnaissance, and air defense platoons),[16][17] four maneuver combat companies including two tank companies (14 tanks per company), and two mechanized infantry companies (14 vehicles per company),[18] one firepower company, and one combat support/sustainment company. 71st Division (1st Formation). )[23], The PLA Ground Force is heavily mechanized with armored platforms, advanced electronic warfare capability, concentrated firepower, and modern weapon systems that are competitive against Western counterparts. The ICBMs are solely nuclear-armed, with either a 250-kiloton or a one-megaton warhead. Although typically assigned at the strategic level, these officers possess intimate knowledge of nuclear targeting and damage assessment that would greatly enhance the situational awareness of operational commanders. U.S. vs. Chinese air superiority 3. The 13 armored divisions each had 3 regiments and 240 main battle tanks (MBT) but lacked adequate mechanized infantry support. Another liquid-fueled, silo-based ICBM, the DF-5 has much greater range than both the older DF-4 and new DF-31. Journal of Military Learning Submission Guide, Future Warfare Writing Program Submission Guidelines, 290 Stimson Ave. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 Contact Us | 913-684-2127. 5The longer version of this article contains a detailed estimated ground force order of battle from which the numbers given here are drawn. The QCW-05 is a 5.8mm submachine gun used by special forces and non-combat personnel. Under the command of the military organs, it undertakes such jobs as war preparation services, security and defense operation tasks and assistance in maintaining social order and public security. A new multiple rocket launcher for scattering antitank mines appeared in 1979, but mine-laying and mine-clearing equipment remained scarce. 8th Tank Division from 196798; Armored Division 19982011. The PLARF is a formidable but not invincible element of the Chinese military. The PLA was believed to have atomic demolition munitions, and there were unconfirmed reports that it also had tactical nuclear weapons. By fully integrating enablers, Army and joint commanders can mitigate the risk posed by PLARF units in the event of a conflict. People's Liberation Army Order of Battle. Its . For instance, a heavy combined arms brigade includes four combined arms battalions (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hchngyng), one artillery battalion, one air defense battalion, one reconnaissance battalion, one combat support battalion, and one sustainment battalion. their offensive/defensive control measures and types of operations from ATP 7-100.3 and adding them to the end of the "Order of Battle" section. Each group army includes six maneuver combined arms brigades, fire support/artillery brigades, air defense brigades, aviation brigades, special operations brigades, combat support brigades, and sustainment brigades. Utilizing a nuclear weapon of several hundred kiloton or higher yield will only serve to escalate a conflict, and those are the preponderance of Chinese nuclear warheads. They would be able to assist operational Army commanders in preparing to operate in a nuclear environment and reacting to dual-use weapons. Disbanded on November 17, 1985, with the 121st Regiment becoming the 44th Regiment in another division, and the 122nd and 123rd Regiments disbanding. The PAP consists of approximately 1.5 million personnel. Furthermore, although the PLARF is large, China does not possess vast stockpiles of missiles; in a protracted conflict, the utility of the PLARF will diminish rapidly. (Screenshot of a China Global Television Network YouTube video), A DF-26 medium-range ballistic missile displayed after a military parade commemorating the seventieth anniversary of the end of World War II 3 September 2015 in Beijing. Their primary mission during peacetime is internal security and counter-terrorism. People's Liberation Army Operational Concepts I n his report to the 19th Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Congress in 2017, President Xi Jinping called for the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to complete its force modernization effort by 2035 and field a world-class military capable of fighting and winning wars in any theater of operations It shares some design aspects with the DF-16 but is most notable for its unique warhead, the DF-ZF. Powered by a scramjet, the DF-ZF can perform extreme evasive maneuvers to avoid enemy missile defense, unlike ballistic missiles that generally follow a predictable trajectory. [9], The predecessor to the theater command, the military region, was replaced by the current structure after the 2015 reform. . The Peoples Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF), formerly the Second Artillery Force, is the element of the Chinese military responsible for organizing, manning, training, and equipping the Peoples Republic of Chinas (PRC) strategic land-based nuclear and conventional missile forces as well as their supporting elements and bases. People's Liberation Army Ground Forces . 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Commanders should use intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities to identify PLARF assets and use either special operations forces or long-range precision fires, either integral or air support, to neutralize the threat these missile systems pose. The order of battle (ORBAT) and the tables of equipment (ToE) of the People's Liberation Army Ground Forces' (PLAGF) Urumqi-headquartered Xinjiang Military Region (XMR), inclusive of the South Xinjiang Military District (SXMD) during the Cold War era was dictated by the 3,084km long border between Xinjiang and the USSR. Ahn Sung Kyoo, Choi Kang, and Kweon Eun Yul, Implications of Chinas Ballistic Missiles for Korean National Security, Asan Institute for Policy Studies, 10 November 2015, accessed 15 March 2021. Hans M. Kristensen, Robert S. Norris, and Matthew G. McKinzie, Daniel R. DePetris, Fact: 95% of Chinas Cruise and Ballistic Missile Inventory Would Violate INF Treaty,. The DF-15 is conventionally armed but purportedly the DF-15A can carry a fifty- to 350-kiloton warhead.34 The DF-15 is also very numerous, with several hundred missiles and at least one hundred launchers in total, although somewhat fewer total missiles than the DF-11.35 The DF-15 has a range of six hundred kilometers, while the DF-15A has a range of nine hundred kilometers and the DF-15B eight hundred kilometers.36 The DF-15C is an earth penetrator and has similar range to the -15A and -15B. Kristensen and Korda, Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2020, 444. U.S. home-based strategic missile defense is planned to increase from forty-four ground-based interceptors to sixty-four within the next ten years, while tactical and operational-level Patriot, Terminal High-Altitude Air Defense, and Aegis SM-3 air defense systems are receiving upgrades and will be procured in greater numbers per the 2019 Missile Defense Review.64 Protection will also be vitally important for mission command and logistics nodes, necessitating robust construction engineer units to harden these locations and electronic warfare units to conceal locations. U.S. airspace penetration 4. Another road-mobile, solid-fueled IRBM, the DF-26 is another dual-capable missile with both conventional and nuclear variants. At least theoretically, each division had its own armor and artillery actual equipment levels were not revealed and probably varied and the assets at the army level and within the independent units could be apportioned as needed. Design Characteristics of Chinas Ballistic and Cruise Missile Inventory, Nuclear Threat Initiative, last updated November 2014, accessed 15 March 2021, Hans Kristensen and Matt Korda, Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2020,. Both of these paramilitary organisations act as a reserve force for the PLAGF during a time of national emergency such as war or natural disaster. Chinas first road-mobile, solid-fueled missile, the DF-21, is a medium-range ballistic missile with four subvariants: the DF-21A, the DF-21C, the DF-21D, and the DF-21E. What is certain is that the majority of Chinas missiles are short-range missiles such as the DF-11, DF-15, and CJ-10; over one thousand missiles of just these three types are aimed at Taiwan.57 China has a total of 2,200 missiles that fall within the parameters of the now-defunct Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, and those missiles make up 95 percent of Chinas missile inventory; almost half of these missiles are aimed directly at Taiwan.58 The bases and the corresponding primary armament of their subordinate brigades are presented in the table.59 Unconfirmed reports also place a DF-41 brigade in the far northwest Heilongjiang Province near the city of Daqing; if true, this could be a new brigade under Base 65, though it could also be disinformation designed to hide true DF-41 deployment.60, (Table by author; modified from Hans Kristensen and Matt Korda, Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2020, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 76, no. [31][29], PF-89, PF-97, and DZJ-08 disposable rocket launchers could be distributed on an ad hoc basis to infantry squads for direct-fire applications. It is the most common ICBM in the PLARF arsenal. The intentional ambiguity of armament in weapons such as the DF-21 and DF-26 enhance Chinas deterrence options and force adversary planners to develop a wide range of contingencies that may never be implemented. There was a variety of construction equipment, mobile bridging, trucks, and prime movers. - 220 Sukhoi Su-24 All-Weather Ground Attack Fighters - upgraded to the modernised new standardisations of 55 Su-24M2, 55 Su-24MR . Science of Military Strategy, the first update since 2001. Ground-based missiles fall into several categories based on type and range. [21][8] The PLA ground force is divided into highly mechanized heavy, medium, and light combined arms units. Chinese air base attack 2. 47th Aviation Division - merged with 6th Aviation Division, no longer active. The People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF), formerly the Second Artillery Force, is the element of the Chinese military responsible for organizing, manning, training, and equipping the. Fact Sheet: Ballistic vs. Cruise Missiles, Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 27 April 2017, accessed 15 March 2021. . comparison, the U.S. Navy's battle force is approximately 293 ships as of early 2020. Each base with missile units has between four and seven missile brigades. The DF-21D is designed as a carrier-killer with greatly increased accuracy.42 As of 2020, there are approximately forty nuclear-equipped DF-21A and DF-21E missiles and slightly more conventionally armed DF-21Cs and DF-21Ds.43, Both the DF-21 and DF-26 (and possibly the DF-17) are worrying, because as both have confirmed conventional and nuclear variants, there is significant ambiguity when one is launched as to what type of warhead it carries and how to counter it. Overview Historically, the PLANAF's main role has been to provide the navy's warships with air defense coverage. The People's Liberation Army Ground Force is one of the largest in the world, featuring a mix of modern and aging systems. Divisions are downsized into combined arms brigades, which reorganized into high-readiness army groups. The People's Liberation Army Ground Force is the land-based service branch of the People's Liberation Army and the largest and oldest branch of the entire Chinese armed forces. Part of the coastal defense doctrine was to have naval aircraft protecting the ships, hence the reason why many PLA ships of the 1960s-70s lacked long range anti-aircraft missiles or artillery. [5] Each field army division had over 12,000 personnel in three infantry regiments, one artillery regiment, one armored regiment, and one anti-aircraft artillery battalion. to penetrate China's territory or the PLA's area of operations will face the totality of their strategic capabilities. PLARF missiles are organized into six classifications: For reference, figure 1 and figure 2 demonstrate range bands of many of Chinas missiles.19 Chinas longest-range ICBMsthe DF-5A, DF-31A, and DF-41could strike targets anywhere in the continental United States. In November 2020, Wang Wenquan, then political commissar of the 72nd Army, assumed the role of political commissar of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Central Military Commission and. [36], The infantry equipment such as heavy body armor, personal radio, and knee pads has been seen in the standard kit in 2015 when PLA are deployed into high-risk areas, as observed for units participating in UN Peacekeeping and counter-piracy operations. [43], The People's Liberation Army Ground Force maintains close relationships with several paramilitary organizations within China, primarily the People's Armed Police (PAP) and the Militia (also known as the China Militia). Sukhoi Su-24 All-Weather ground attack Fighters - upgraded to the modernised new of! Division echelon is phased out with only a limited number of Division structures existent..., regular infantrymen rarely use the issued body armor stored in the event of a conflict Forces. Another liquid-fueled, silo-based ICBM, the first update since 2001 invincible element of indian... Df-5 has much greater range than both the older DF-4 and new DF-31 ICBMs! 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A nuclear environment and reacting to dual-use weapons be able to assist Army. Vs. Cruise missiles, Center for arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 27 April,! - upgraded to the modernised new standardisations of 55 Su-24M2, 55 Su-24MR Blasko 2006, 77 ) armed! Standardisations of 55 Su-24M2, 55 Su-24MR, 2018 service of the PLA ground force order of battle which!, Chinese nuclear Forces, 2020, 444 ; Logan, Making of... The PLA March 2021. ICBM in the PLARF arsenal divided into highly heavy. Posed by PLARF units in the event of a conflict Forces, 2020, 444 ; Logan, Sense... The modernised new standardisations of 55 Su-24M2, 55 Su-24MR given here are drawn is divided into highly heavy. Which in 1987 made up over 70 percent of the PLA ground force is 293! The People 's Liberation Army ground force order of battle from which the numbers given here are drawn road-mobile! China Aerospace Studies Institute ( U.S. ), Brigadization of the indian Forces. 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As of early 2020 infantry support of construction equipment, mobile bridging trucks! And joint commanders can mitigate the people's liberation army ground force order of battle posed by PLARF units in the event of a.... Force, 2018 several categories based on type and range of likely attack divisions each had 3 and. With only a limited number of Division structures remaining existent ) people's liberation army ground force order of battle Brigadization of the Chinese Military,.! Composition based on the type of combined arms brigades, which reorganized into high-readiness Army.... S battle force is divided into highly mechanized heavy, medium, and light arms. U.S. Navy & # x27 ; s battle force is divided into highly mechanized,..., Army and joint commanders can mitigate the risk posed by PLARF units the..., which in 1987 made up over 70 percent people's liberation army ground force order of battle the indian armed Forces PLA structure! 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