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[19] Salamah ibn Hisham, brother of Amr ibn Hishm (Abu Jahl) was reported to have prayed at home rather than going to the mosque to avoid having to explain himself. [188][189] Another son of Khalid, Muhajir, was a supporter of Ali, who reigned as caliph in 656661, and died fighting Mu'awiya's army at the Battle of Siffin in 657 during the First Muslim Civil War. [117] The trading center of Bosra, along with the Hauran region in which it lies, had historically supplied the nomadic tribes of Arabia with wheat, oil and wine and had been visited by Muhammad during his youth. [a][10], Muslim accounts of the battle differ over the result. [61], Khalid's terms with the Hanifa entailed the tribe's conversion to Islam and the surrender of their arms and armor and stockpiles of gold and silver. Those slain Muslims named in the sources were Zayd ibn Haritha, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, Abd Allah ibn Rawaha, Mas'ud ibn al-Aswad, Wahb ibn Sa'd, Abbad ibn Qays, Amr ibn Sa'd, Harith ibn Nu'man, Suraqa ibn Amr, Abu Kulayb ibn Amr, Jabir ibn Amr and Amir ibn Sa'd. The issue of succession had caused discord among the Muslims. [148], Khalid was retained as supreme commander of the Muslim forces in Syria between six months and two years from the start of Umar's caliphate, depending on the source. [160] A quarter of the church of St. John was reserved for Muslim use, and abandoned houses and gardens were confiscated and distributed by Abu Ubayda or Khalid among the Muslim troops and their families. [19] Khalid gained its surrender and imposed a heavy penalty on the inhabitants of the town, one of whose chiefs, the Kindite Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, was ordered by Khalid to sign the capitulation treaty with Muhammad in Medina. [150] The caliph appointed Abu Ubayda to Khalid's place, reassigned his troops to the remaining Muslim commanders and subordinated Khalid under the command of one of Abu Ubayda's lieutenants; a later order deployed the bulk of Khalid's former troops to Iraq. [105] The Byzantine rout marked the destruction of their last effective army in Syria, immediately securing earlier Muslim gains in Palestine and Transjordan and paving the way for the recapture of Damascus[135] in December, this time by Abu Ubayda,[132] and the conquest of the Beqaa Valley and ultimately the rest of Syria to the north. During the Battle of Mu'ta, Khalid coordinated the safe withdrawal of Muslim troops against the Byzantines. [7] Lubaba al-Sughra converted to Islam about c.622 and her paternal half-sister Maymuna became a wife of Muhammad. Afterward, Khalid married Malik's widow Umm Tamim bint al-Minhal. . [28] The historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri calls their assessment "logical" and writes that "it seems impossible that Khlid could have made such a detour which would have taken him so far out of his way while delaying the accomplishment of his mission [to join the Muslim armies in Syria]". [60] The Muslims pursued the Hanifa to a large enclosed garden which Musaylima used to stage a last stand against the Muslims. [2] He belonged to the Banu Makhzum, a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe and Mecca's pre-Islamic aristocracy. After the battle, ibn Aqram took the banner, before asking Khalid ibn al-Walid to take the lead.[18]. [29], After Muhammad's death in June 632, one of his early and close companions, Abu Bakr, became caliph (leader of the Muslim community). [13] Khalid was at the head of the cavalry and Muhammad avoided confronting him by taking an unconventional and difficult alternate route, ultimately reaching Hudaybiyya at the edge of Mecca. During the battle, all three Muslim leaders fell one after the other as they took command of the force: first, Zayd, then Ja'far, then 'Abdullah. [149] Muir, Becker, Stratos and Philip K. Hitti have proposed that Khalid was ultimately dismissed because the Muslim gains in Syria in the aftermath of Yarmouk required the replacement of a military commander at the helm with a capable administrator such as Abu Ubayda. [47] Khalid claimed such an order was his prerogative as the commander appointed by the caliph, but he did not force the Ansar to participate and continued his march with troops from the Muhajirun and the Bedouin defectors from Buzakha and its aftermath; the Ansar ultimately rejoined Khalid after internal deliberations. The local Byzantine Vicarius learned of their plans and collected the garrisons of the fortresses. The Byzantines were reoccupying territory following the peace accord between Emperor Heraclius and the Sasanid general Shahrbaraz in July 629. [165] He and Iyad ibn Ghanm then launched the first Muslim raid into Byzantine Anatolia. After the death of 'Abdullah, the Muslim soldiers were in danger of being routed. [12], In 628 Muhammad and his followers headed for Mecca to perform the umra (lesser pilgrimage to Mecca) and the Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to intercept him upon hearing of his departure. [69] Madelung asserts Abu Bakr relied on the Qurayshite aristocracy during the Ridda wars and early Muslim conquests and speculates that the caliph dispatched Khalid to Iraq to allot the Makhzum an interest in that region. However, the Arabs had an advantage in their position. [8], With the Yamama pacified, Khalid marched northward toward Sasanian territory in Iraq (lower Mesopotamia). [106] Lynch holds that the story of the march, which "would have excited and entertained" Muslim audiences, was created out of "fragments of social memory" by inhabitants who attributed the conquests of their towns or areas to Khalid as a means "to earn a certain degree of prestige through association" with the "famous general". After the battle, ibn Aqram took the banner, before asking Khalid ibn al-Walid to take the lead. [54] Abu Bakr had dispatched Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Khalid's cousin Ikrima with an army to reinforce the Muslim governor in the Yamama, Musaylima's tribal kinsman Thumama ibn Uthal. He is generally considered by historians to be one of the most seasoned and accomplished generals of the early Islamic era, and he is likewise commemorated throughout the Arab world. [2] In that engagement Khalid led a nomadic contingent called muhajirat al-arab ('the Bedouin emigrants'). The Battle of Mu'tah (Arabic: , romanized:Marakah Mutah, or Arabic: Ghazwah Mutah) took place in September 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH),[1] between the forces of Muhammad and the army of the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid vassals. [127][132] The treaty probably served as the model for the capitulation agreements made throughout Syria, as well Iraq and Egypt, during the early Muslim conquests. [126] As his forces entered from the east, Muslim forces led by Abu Ubayda had entered peacefully from the western Bab al-Jabiya gate after negotiations with Damascene notables led by Mansur ibn Sarjun, a high-ranking city official. Almost 50,000 Byzantine troops were slaughtered, which opened the way for many other Islamic conquests. [129] Although several versions of Khalid's treaty were recorded in the early Muslim and Christian sources,[c] they generally concur that the inhabitants' lives, properties and churches were to be safeguarded, in return for their payment of the jizya (poll tax). He was sent northeastward by the caliph Ab Bakr to invade Iraq, where he conquered Al-rah. [36] The tribes in Bahrayn may have resisted the Muslims until the middle of 634. [141], Khalid split his cavalry into two main groups, each positioned behind the Muslims' right and left infantry wings to protect his forces from a potential envelopment by the Byzantine heavy cavalry. [31] Opinion was split among the Muhajirun (lit. [27], Later in 630, while Muhammad was at Tabuk, he dispatched Khalid to capture the oasis market town of Dumat al-Jandal. Khlid ibn al-Wald, byname Sf, or Sayf, Allh (Arabic: Sword of God), (died 642), one of the two generals (with Amr ibn al-) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion under the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors, Ab Bakr and Umar. [13] However, Montgomery Watt notes that al-Waqidi also recorded an account where the Byzantine forces fled. They remained in the possession of Ayyub's descendants until at least the late 9th century. [99][101] The utilization of the camels as water storage and the locating of the water source at Suwa were the result of advice given to Khalid by his guide, Rafi ibn Amr of the Tayy. 100,000 (Al-Waqidi)[7]200,000 (Ibn Ishaq)[5](both exaggerated)[8][9][4]. [38] Khalid was allotted an orchard and a field in each village included in the treaty with the Hanifa, while the villages excluded from the treaty were subject to punitive measures. [128], In the versions of the Syriac author Dionysius of Tel Mahre (d. 845) and the Melkite patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria (d. 940), the Damascenes led by Mansur, having become weary of the siege and convinced of the besiegers' determination, approached Khalid at Bab Sharqi with an offer to open the gate in return for assurances of safety. Khalid played the leading command roles in the Ridda Wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632633, the initial campaigns in Sasanian Iraq in 633634, and the conquest of Byzantine Syria in 634638. The battle may have had a different result had Vahan used his cavalry reserve when it was needed most. Upon realizing Muhammad's change of course, Khalid withdrew to Mecca. [19] The former only records Arab armies being sent to conquer Iraq as the Muslim conquest of Syria was already underwayas opposed to before as held by the traditional Islamic sourceswhile the latter mentions Khalid as the conqueror of Syria only. [33] Islamic historiography describes Abu Bakr's efforts to establish or reestablish Islamic rule over the tribes as the Ridda wars (wars against the 'apostates'). [12] David Powers, Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Cornell, also mentions this curiosity concerning the minuscule casualties recorded by Muslim historians. He has the title of being undefeated in 100 battles. The latter had been assigned by Medina as its tax collector over his tribe and its traditional Asad rivals. While Khalid Ibn Walid was undoubtedly one of the greatest military commanders the world has ever seen, to say he won two hundred battles is simply not correct. Before that he also fought against Muslims. [137] Khalid consequently withdrew, taking up position north of the Yarmouk River,[139] close to where the Ruqqad meets the Yarmouk. Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. [123] Khalid advanced,[123] possibly besting a Byzantine unit at the Marj al-Suffar plain before besieging the city. [19] In the version of Ibn Ishaq, Khalid had persuaded the Jadhima tribesmen to disarm and embrace Islam, which he followed up by executing a number of the tribesmen in revenge for the Jadhima's slaying of his uncle Fakih ibn al-Mughira dating to before Khalid's conversion to Islam. Muhammad ordered them to stop, saying that they would return to fight the Byzantines again. [83] In Kennedy's view, Khalid's push toward the desert frontier of Iraq was "a natural continuation of his work" subduing the tribes of northeastern Arabia and in line with Medina's policy to bring all nomadic Arab tribes under its authority. Khalid is one of the few generals in history to have never lost a pitched battle. [81], Khalid continued northward along the Euphrates valley, attacking Anbar on the east bank of the river, where he secured capitulation terms from its Sasanian commander. [9][10] In the ensuing rout, several dozen Muslims were killed. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [98] This phase entailed Khalid and his mennumbering between 500 and 800 strong[99]marching from a well called Quraqir across a vast stretch of waterless desert for six days and five nights until reaching a source of water at a place called Suwa. [138], The Byzantine army set up camp at the Ruqqad tributary west of the Muslims' positions at Jabiya. There, he was encountered with his small party by the Muslims. [174], Khalid's sacking did not elicit public backlash, possibly due to existing awareness in the Muslim polity of Umar's enmity toward Khalid, which prepared the public for his dismissal, or because of existing hostility toward the Makhzum in general as a result of their earlier opposition to Muhammad and the early Muslims. [61] Abu Bakr ratified the treaty, though he remained opposed to Khalid's concessions and warned that the Hanifa would remain eternally faithful to Musaylima. [32] A report preserved in a work by the 13th-century scholar Ibn Abi'l-Hadid claims that Khalid was a partisan of Abu Bakr, opposed Ali's candidacy, and declared that Abu Bakr was "not a man about whom one needs [to] enquire, and his character needs not be sounded out". Kister dismisses the much larger figures cited by most of the early Muslim sources as exaggerations. Daniel C. Peterson, Professor of Islamic Studies at Brigham Young University, finds the ratio of casualties among the leaders suspiciously high compared to the losses suffered by ordinary soldiers. Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Arabic: , romanized:Khlid ibn al-Wald ibn al-Mughra al-Makhzm; died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander. [66] According to the historian Khalil Athamina, the remnants of Khalid's army consisted of nomadic Arabs from Medina's environs whose chiefs were appointed to replace the vacant command posts left by the sahaba ('companions' of Muhammad). [41] In the words of Shaban, "he simply defeated whoever was there to be defeated". Still, there are some people that historians consider worthy of the title "undefeated". Khalid's father was al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, an arbitrator of local disputes in Mecca in the Hejaz (western Arabia). After the death of 'Abdullah, the Muslim soldiers were in danger of being routed. [144] According to the 9th-century Byzantine historian Theophanes, the Byzantine infantry mutinied under Vahan, possibly in light of Theodore's failure to counter the attack on the cavalry. [78] After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vicinity. [75] In the meantime, the other part of Khalid's army harried the villages in al-Hira's orbit, many of which were captured or capitulated on tributary terms with the Muslims. Khalid ibn al-Walid was a brilliant military strategist who had earned the title "The Sword of Allah" for his notable victories in previous battles. The Tayy defected to the Muslims before Khalid's troops arrived to Buzakha, the result of mediation between the two sides by the Tayy chief Adi ibn Hatim. In the narrative of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid misunderstood the tribesmen's acceptance of the faith as a rejection or denigration of Islam due to his unfamiliarity with the Jadhima's accent and consequently attacked them. [60], In the fourth assault against the Hanifa, the Muhajirun under Khalid and the Ansar under Thabit killed a lieutenant of Musaylima, who subsequently fled with part of his army. As the Muslims passed through the canyon of Hunayn, Malik ibn Awf ordered his army to attack in the darkness before dawn, first with arrows and . After Medina's entreaties to the leading confederates, the Ghassanids, were rebuffed, relations were established with the Kalb, Judham and Lakhm. Khalid's military fame disturbed some of the pious early Muslims, most notably Umar, who feared it could develop into a personality cult. Khalid continued service as the key lieutenant of his successor Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah in the sieges of Homs and Aleppo and the Battle of Qinnasrin, all in 637638. 616618. His father had the title Abdu Shams and often donated [116] The Byzantines may not have reestablished an imperial garrison in the city in the aftermath of the Sasanian withdrawal in 628 and the Muslim armies encountered token resistance during their siege. 4 Who was killed by Khalid ibn AI-Waleed? The Origin of Khalid and Became the Commander of the War of the Quraysh Infidels Khalid ibn Walid was the son of the chief of the Bani Makhzum tribe, namely Walid ibn Al-Mughirah. [44] Uyayna was captured and brought to Medina. [149] De Goeje dismisses Khalid's extravagant grants to the tribal nobility, a common practice among the early Muslim leaders including Muhammad, as a cause for his sacking. [171] Umar consequently ordered that Abu Ubayda publicly interrogate and relieve Khalid from his post regardless of the interrogation's outcome, as well as to put Qinnasrin under Abu Ubayda's direct administration. [73][74] The annual sum to be paid by al-Hira amounted to 60,000 or 90,000 silver dirhams,[76][77] which Khalid forwarded to Medina, marking the first tribute the Caliphate received from Iraq. Arab sources marvelled at his [Khalid's] endurance; modern scholars have seen him as a master of strategy. Vahan launched three offensives aimed at breaking the Rashidun lines, all of which only marginally failed because Khalid effectively used the force at his disposal in a variety of ways. [96], The historians Michael Jan de Goeje and Caetani dismiss altogether that Khalid led an expedition to Dumat al-Jandal following his Iraqi campaign and that the city mentioned in the traditional sources was likely the town by the same name near al-Hira. [182] He is considered "one of the tactical geniuses of the early Islamic period" by Donner. [186] Khalid was married to Asma, a daughter of Anas ibn Mudrik, a prominent chieftain and poet of the Khath'am tribe. Here is the story. [140] For over a month, the Muslims held the strategic high ground between Adhri'at (modern Daraa) and their camp near Dayr Ayyub and bested the Byzantines in a skirmish outside Jabiya on 23 July 636. [38][b] Khalid was Abu Bakr's third nominee to lead the campaign after his first two choices, Zayd ibn al-Khattab and Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba, refused the assignment. [28] Vaglieri surmises that the oasis was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm or possibly Amr ibn al-As as the latter had been previously tasked during the Ridda wars with suppressing Wadi'a, who had barricaded himself in Dumat al-Jandal. [73] Khalid encountered stiff resistance there by the tribesmen of the Namir, compelling him to besiege the town's fortress. [152], Athamina doubts all the aforementioned reasons, arguing the cause "must have been vital" at a time when large parts of Syria remained under Byzantine control and Heraclius had not abandoned the province. He never lost battle after he accepted Islam. Historiography and recent scholarship When Western academics first investigated the Muslim conquest of Persia, they relied solely on the accounts of the Armenian Christian bishop Sebeos, and accounts in Arabic written some time after the events they describe. [48], Following a series of setbacks in her conflict with rival Tamim factions, Sajah joined the strongest opponent of the Muslims: Musaylima, the leader of the sedentary Banu Hanifa tribe in the Yamama,[36][38] the agricultural eastern borderlands of Najd. [199] The current mosque dates to 1908 when the Ottoman authorities rebuilt the structure.[180][200]. [46] Abu Bakr consequently resolved to have him executed by Khalid. In both versions Muhammad declared himself innocent of Khalid's action but did not discharge or punish him. (February 2010) This article's factual accuracy is disputed. [142] As a result, the Byzantines were left vulnerable to attack by Muslim archers, their momentum was halted and their left flank exposed. [187] Their son Abd al-Rahman became a reputable commander in the ArabByzantine wars and a close aide of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Syria and later founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving as the latter's deputy governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district. Khalid's mother was Lubabah al-Sughra bint al-Harith. [51] Musaylima had laid claims to prophet-hood before Muhammad's emigration from Mecca, and his entreaties for Muhammad to mutually recognize his divine revelation were rejected by Muhammad. [3] The Makhzum are credited for introducing Meccan commerce to foreign markets,[4] particularly Yemen and Abyssinia (Ethiopia),[3] and developed a reputation among the Quraysh for their intellect, nobility and wealth. [7][20] Some modern historians state that the figure is exaggerated. The leaders of the Battle of Sallasil were Khalid ibn al-Walid and Rostam Farrokhzad. [85] According to Shaban, it is unclear if Khalid requested or received Abu Bakr's sanction to raid Iraq or ignored objections by the caliph. [59] Khalid's first three assaults against Musaylima at the plain of Aqraba were beaten back. Other times, you may have won a battle even when your country lost the war. Khalid accepted and ordered the drafting of a capitulation agreement. [71], Al-Hira's capture was the most significant gain of Khalid's campaign. [98] Kennedy notes the sources are "equally certain" in their advocacy of their respective itineraries and there is "simply no knowing which version is correct". He assisted the Meccans in attacking (625) Muhammad and the inhabitants of Medina after the battle of Badr. Watt agrees with the Islamic characterization of the tribal opposition as anti-Islamic in nature, while Julius Wellhausen and C. H. Becker hold the tribes were opposed to the tax obligations to Medina rather than Islam as a religion. He played a key role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632 . [199] The 12th-century traveler Ibn Jubayr noted that the tomb contained the graves of Khalid and his son Abd al-Rahman. [103] Based on these accounts, Donner summarizes three possible routes taken by Khalid to the vicinity of Damascus: two via Palmyra from the north and the one via Dumat al-Jandal from the south. [72], From Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions. [92] There, Khalid attacked a group of Ghassanids celebrating Easter before he or his subordinate commanders raided the Ghouta agricultural belt around Damascus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [2] After Muhammad emigrated from Mecca to Medina in 622, the Makhzum under Abu Jahl commanded the war against him until they were routed at the Battle of Badr in 624. [168], Khalid may have participated in the siege of Jerusalem, which capitulated in 637 or 638. [116] Bosra capitulated in late May 634, making it the first major city in Syria to fall to the Muslims. [155] These tribes likely considered the large numbers of outside Arab tribesmen in Khalid's army as a threat to their political and economic power. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [157] Athamina concludes Umar dismissed Khalid and recalled his troops from Syria as an overture to the Kalb and their allies. [154] Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on the older-established Arab tribes in Syria, which had served as confederates of Byzantium. Corrections? [110] By the time Khalid had left Iraq, the Muslim armies in Syria had already fought a number of skirmishes with local Byzantine garrisons and dominated the southern Syrian countryside, but did not control any urban centers. [66] Accounts cited by al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (d. 987) and Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi hold that Abu Bakr appointed Khalid supreme commander as part of his reassignment from Iraq to Syria, citing the general's military talents and record. Widely regarded as one of the most consequential Muslim military leaders of all time, Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) and Umar (r. 634-644). [141], The Byzantines pursued the Muslims into their camp, where the Muslims had their camel herds hobbled to form a series of defensive perimeters from which the infantry could fight and which Byzantine cavalries could not easily penetrate. [44] His tribe, the Asad, subsequently submitted to Khalid, followed by the hitherto neutral Banu Amir, which had awaited the results of the conflict before giving its allegiance to either side. [164] Khalid was appointed Abu Ubayda's deputy governor in Qinnasrin in 638. [73] By this stage, Khalid had subjugated the western areas of the lower Euphrates and the nomadic tribes, including the Namir, Taghlib, Iyad, Taymallat and most of the Ijl, as well as the settled Arab tribesmen, which resided there. [19] His male line of descent ended toward the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 or shortly after when all forty of his male descendants died in a plague in Syria, according to the 11th-century historian Ibn Hazm. Khalid (khld) (Khalid ibn al-Walid), d. 642, Arab warrior. The Yarbu did not resist, proclaimed their Muslim faith and were escorted to Khalid's camp. [197] The Sur tribe under Sher Shah, a 16th-century ruler of India, also claimed descent from Khalid. [14] A truce between the Muslims and the Quraysh was reached in the Treaty of Hudaybiyya in March. 575641). [135] In Jandora's assessment, Yarmouk was one of "the most important battles of World History", ultimately leading to Muslim victories which expanded the Caliphate between the Pyrenees mountains and Central Asia. Khlid ibn al-Wald (Arabic language: ; 592-642) also known as Sayf Allh al-Masll ( the Drawn Sword of God ), was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. [19][191], There is no further significant role played by members of Khalid's family in the historical record. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [71] After besting the city's Persian cavalry under the commander Azadhbih in minor clashes, Khalid and part of his army entered the unwalled city. [58] The 12th-century historian Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi holds that the armies of Khalid and Musaylima respectively stood at 4,500 and 4,000. [41], According to Fred Donner, the subjugation of Arab tribes may have been Khalid's primary goal in Iraq and clashes with Persian troops were the inevitable, if incidental, result of the tribes' alignment with the Sasanian Empire. In Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the Muslims' attempt to take retribution against a Ghassanid chief for taking the life of an emissary. Thabit ibn Aqram, seeing the desperate state of the Muslim forces, took up the banner and rallied his comrades, thus saving the army from complete destruction. [30] Khalid was a staunch supporter of Abu Bakr's succession. [43] As a result of the victory at Buzakha, the Muslims gained control over most of Najd. [141] Khalid and his cavalries used the opportunity to pierce the Byzantines' left flank, taking advantage of the gap between the Byzantine infantry and cavalry. [107] The commanders of the Muslim armies were Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah,[108] though the last may have not deployed to Syria until after Umar's succession to the caliphate in the summer of 634, following Abu Bakr's death. [94] It is unclear which engagement occurred first, though both were Muslim efforts to bring the mostly nomadic Arab tribes of north Arabia and the Syrian steppe under Medina's control. [40] Throughout the campaign, Khalid demonstrated considerable operational independence and did not stringently abide by the caliph's directives. [23][a], In December 629 or January 630, Khalid took part in Muhammad's capture of Mecca, after which most of the Quraysh converted to Islam. Who undefeated in 100 battles? Khalid was born c. 585 in Mecca.His father was Walid ibn al-Mughirah, Sheikh of the Banu Makhzum, a clan of the Arab tribe of Quraysh. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [21] While the Byzantine forces at Mu'tah are unlikely to have numbered more than 10,000. The Rashudin commander, Khalid ibn al-Walid, had pulled his forces to an area that was ideally suited for cavalry and had established a . [135][136] The sizes of the forces are disputed by modern historians; Donner holds the Byzantines outnumbered the Muslims four to one,[137] Walter E. Kaegi writes the Byzantines "probably enjoyed numerical superiority" with 15,00020,000 or more troops,[135] and John Walter Jandora holds there was likely "near parity in numbers" between the two sides with the Muslims at 36,000 men (including 10,000 from Khalid's army) and the Byzantines at about 40,000. [8], The Makhzum were strongly opposed to Muhammad, and the clan's preeminent leader Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), Khalid's first cousin, organized the boycott of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim of Quraysh, in c. [100] As his men did not possess sufficient waterskins to traverse this distance with their horses and camels, Khalid had some twenty of his camels increase their typical water intake and sealed their mouths to prevent the camels from eating and consequently spoiling the water in their stomachs; each day of the march, he had a number of the camels slaughtered so his men could drink the water stored in the camels' stomachs. [141] The Byzantines' initial assaults against the Muslims' right and left flanks successively failed, but they kept up the momentum until the entire Muslim line fell back or, as contemporary Christian sources maintain, feigned retreat. [13] Montgomery Watt argues that a low casualty count is possible if the nature of this encounter was a skirmish or if the Muslims completely routed the enemy. He initially headed campaigns against Muhammad on behalf of the Quraysh. Three years later the Muslims would return to defeat the Byzantine forces in the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd. [131][d], Although the accounts cited by al-Waqidi (d. 823) and Ibn Ishaq agree that Damascus surrendered in August/September 635, they provide varying timelines of the siege ranging from four to fourteen months. [88], All early Islamic accounts agree that Khalid was ordered by Abu Bakr to leave Iraq for Syria to support Muslim forces already present there. [195] A female line of descent may have survived and was claimed by the 15th-century Sufi religious leader Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi of Homs. It was here that the two armies fought. [61] The treaty was further consecrated by Khalid's marriage to Mujja'a's daughter. The fact that Khlid is a major hero in the historical traditions of Iraq certainly suggests ties there that can have come only from his early participation in its conquest". 680). 'Emigrants'), the mostly Qurayshite natives of Mecca who emigrated with Muhammad to Medina. [135][143][144] Khalid enveloped the opposing heavy cavalry on either side, but intentionally left an opening from which the Byzantines could only escape northward, far from their infantry. The battle of Mu'tah was Khalid's first fight along the ranks of the Muslim army. Most of these accounts hold that the caliph's order was prompted by requests for reinforcements by the Muslim commanders in Syria. [141] He followed up with a nighttime operation in which he seized the Ruqqad bridge, the only viable withdrawal route for the Byzantines. Did Khalid ibn Walid lose a battle? He never lost a battle, which alone is a fascinating achievement. Youth and approximately 590 root Khalid bin Walid was born in the year. After Muhammad's death, Khalid was appointed to Najd and al-Yamama with the purpose of suppressing or subjugating Arab tribes who were opposed to the nascent Muslim state; this campaign culminated in Khalid's victory over Arab rebel leaders Tulayha and Musaylima at the Battle of Buzakha in 632 and the Battle of Yamama in 633, respectively. [140] The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the Galilee and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. At what age Hazrat Aisha died? From Wikipedia: [112] A single account in al-Baladhuri instead attributes Khalid's appointment to a consensus among the commanders already in Syria, though Athamina asserts "it is inconceivable that a man like [Amr ibn al-As] would agree" to such a decision voluntarily. 67 years old Death. Muhammad dispatched 3,000 of his troops in the month of Jumada al-Awwal 7 (AH), 629 (CE), for a quick expedition to attack and punish the tribes for the murder of his emissary by the Ghassanids. However, Khalid later converted to Islam around 630 CE, becoming one of the most celebrated commanders in Islamic history. [97] The segment of the general march called the 'desert march' by the sources occurred at an unclear stage after the al-Hira departure. At dawn the following day the army began to move, and Muhammad, riding his white mule, was in the rear while Khalid ibn al-Walid, commanding a group of soldiers from Banu Sulaym, was in the vanguard. [18], According to the historian Richard Blackburn, despite attempts in the early sources to discredit Khalid, his reputation has developed as "Islam's most formidable warrior" during the eras of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and the conquest of Syria. Views of the wars by modern historians vary considerably. [30] The Ansar (lit. Khalid had them all executed over the objection of an Ansarite, who had been among the captors of the tribesmen and argued for the captives' inviolability due to their testaments as Muslims. [38][61] Mujja'a had the women and children of the tribe dress and pose as men at the openings of the forts in a ruse to boost their leverage with Khalid;[38] he relayed to Khalid that the Hanifa still counted numerous warriors determined to continue the fight against the Muslims. [151] No attending commanders voiced opposition, except for a Makhzumite who accused Umar of violating the military mandate given to Khalid by Muhammad. [59] Khalid heeded the counsel of the Ansarite Thabit ibn Qays to exclude the Bedouins from the next fight. Khalid bin Walid (Prophets Companion) . [47], According to the most common account in the Muslim traditional sources, Khalid's army encountered Malik and eleven of his clansmen from the Yarbu in 632. A number of the early Islamic sources ascribe a role for Khalid on the Bahrayn front after his victory over the Hanifa. [17] Following his conversion, Khalid "began to devote all his considerable military talents to the support of the new Muslim state", according to the historian Hugh N. [91] Khalid likely began his march to Syria in early April 634. Seeing the great number of the enemy forces, the Muslims withdrew to the south where the fighting started at the village of Mu'tah and they were either routed or retired without exacting a penalty on the Ghassanid chief. 4. [13], In the year 6 AH (c.627) or 8 AH (c.629) Khalid embraced Islam in Muhammad's presence alongside the Qurayshite Amr ibn al-As;[15] the modern historian Michael Lecker comments that the accounts holding that Khalid and Amr converted in 8 AH are "perhaps more trustworthy". 'Helpers'), the natives of Medina who hosted Muhammad after his emigration from Mecca, attempted to elect their own leader. [19][20] The purpose of the raid may have been to acquire booty in the wake of the Sasanian Persian army's retreat from Syria following its defeat by the Byzantine Empire in July. The infantry was subsequently routed. Aisha died at her home in Medina on 17 Ramadan 58 AH (16 July 678). [13], Today, Muslims who fell at the battle are considered martyrs (shuhad). [163] He followed up by besieging the walled town of Qinnasrin,[164] which capitulated in August/September 638. [80] None of these tribes, all of which were branches of the Banu Bakr confederation, joined Khalid when he operated outside of their tribal areas. [21] The Muslim detachment was routed by a Byzantine force consisting mostly of Arab tribesmen led by the Byzantine commander Theodore and several high-ranking Muslim commanders were slain. [87], The extent of Khalid's role in the conquest of Iraq is disputed by modern historians. Indeed, he emerged the victor in every single one of the 50 or so large scale battles he fought against the Apostate tribes, Christian Arabs, Sasanian Empire and Byzantine Empire. [41] Athamina notes hints in the traditional sources that Khalid initiated the campaign unilaterally, implying that the return of the Muhajirun in Khalid's ranks to Medina following Musaylima's defeat likely represented their protest of Khalid's ambitions in Iraq. [11] When the Muslim troops arrived at the area to the east of Jordan and learned of the size of the Byzantine army, they wanted to wait and send for reinforcements from Medina. [57], After his victories against the Bedouin of Najd, Khalid headed to the Yamama with warnings of the Hanifa's military prowess and instructions by Abu Bakr to act severely toward the tribe should he be victorious. [19] According to Watt, most of these accounts were intended to vilify Khalid and his decision to return to Medina, as well as to glorify the part played by members of one's family. Islamic tradition credits Khalid for his battlefield tactics and effective leadership of the early Muslim conquests, but also accuses him of illicitly executing Arab tribesmen who had accepted Islamnamely members of the Banu Jadhima during the lifetime of Muhammad, and Malik ibn Nuwayra during the Ridda Warsand being responsible for moral and fiscal misconduct in the Levant. [8] Among these villages were Musaylima's hometown al-Haddar and Mar'at, whose inhabitants were expelled or enslaved and the villages resettled with tribesmen from clans of the Tamim. [4] Their prominence was owed to the leadership of Khalid's paternal grandfather al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah. Are there military commanders similar to him fought hundred of hard battles and wasn't defeated? [25] Khalid commanded the Bedouin Banu Sulaym in the Muslims' vanguard at the Battle of Hunayn later that year. After the devastating blow to the Sassanid Persians at Firaz, the Muslim Arab forces, under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid, took on the army of the Christian Byzantine Empire at Yarmouk near the border of modern-day Syria and Jordan. Shoufani deems this improbable, while allowing the possibility that Khalid had earlier sent detachments from his army to reinforce the main Muslim commander in Bahrayn, al-Ala al-Hadhrami. [181] Athamina considers these all to be "no more than latter-day expressions of sympathy on the part of subsequent generations for the heroic character of Khalid as portrayed by Islamic tradition". [16] The historian Akram Diya Umari holds that Khalid and Amr embraced Islam and relocated to Medina following the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, apparently after the Quraysh dropped demands for the extradition of newer Muslim converts to Mecca. [73] The Arab nobility of al-Hira surrendered in an agreement with Khalid whereby the city paid a tribute in return for assurances that al-Hira's churches and palaces would not be disturbed. [114], Khalid reached the meadow of Marj Rahit north of Damascus after his army's trek across the desert. [127] On the other hand, al-Baladhuri holds that Khalid entered peacefully from Bab Sharqi while Abu Ubayda entered from the west by force. [10] The Muslims gained the early advantage in the fight, but after most of the Muslim archers abandoned their positions to join the raiding of the Meccans' camp, Khalid charged against the resulting break in the Muslims' rear defensive lines. I was reading about Khalid ibn al-Walid, a commander in the Muslim's era. [162] Khalid routed a Byzantine force led by a certain Minas in the outskirts of Qinnasrin. [94], In the Dumat al-Jandal campaign, Khalid was instructed by Abu Bakr or requested by one of the commanders of the campaign, al-Walid ibn Uqba, to reinforce the lead commander Iyad ibn Ghanm's faltering siege of the oasis town. [14] It would not be until the third century AH that Sunni Muslim historians would state that Muhammad bestowed upon Khalid the title of 'Saifullah' meaning 'Sword of Allah'. [124] Modern research questions Abu Ubayda's arrival in Syria by the time of the siege. [178], Khalid died in Medina or Homs in 21 AH (c.642 CE). He commanded an army of about 18,000 men, consisting mostly of light cavalry and archers. [9] According to the historian Donald Routledge Hill, rather than launching a frontal assault against the Muslim lines on the slopes of Mount Uhud, "Khalid adopted the sound tactics" of going around the mountain and bypassing the Muslim flank. Adil Salahi, Arab News Publication Date: Mon, 2005-06-06 03:00 Khalid ibn Al-Waleed, a division commander of the Quraysh's army at the Battle of Uhud, managed to attack the Muslims from behind. [188] Following Abd al-Rahman's death in 666, allegedly as a result of poisoning ordered by Mu'awiya, Muhajir's son Khalid attempted to take revenge for his uncle's slaying and was arrested, but Mu'awiya later released him after Khalid paid the blood money. [92] He left small Muslim garrisons in the conquered cities of Iraq under the overall military command of al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. [124] Each of the five Muslim commanders were charged with blocking one of the city gates; Khalid was stationed at Bab Sharqi (the East Gate). [8] Khalid was then appointed to destroy the idol of al-Uzza, one of the goddesses worshiped in pre-Islamic Arabian religion, in the Nakhla area between Mecca and Ta'if. [42], Khalid bested the AsadGhatafan forces in battle. [73][74] Al-Hira's Arab tribal nobles, many of whom were Nestorian Christians with blood ties to the nomadic tribes on the city's western desert fringes, barricaded in their scattered fortified palaces. [198], Starting in the Ayyubid period in Syria (11821260), Homs has obtained fame as the location of the purported tomb and mosque of Khalid. It is worth noting that Khalid ibn al-Walid, renowned for his military prowess, did not participate in the Battle of Uhud. [8] He led one of the two main pushes into the city and in the subsequent fighting with the Quraysh, three of his men were killed while twelve Qurayshites were slain, according to Ibn Ishaq, the 8th-century biographer of Muhammad. [60] The enclosure was stormed by the Muslims, Musaylima was slain and most of the Hanifites were killed or wounded. [28] In June 631 Khalid was sent by Muhammad at the head of 480 men to invite the mixed Christian and polytheistic Balharith tribe of Najran to embrace Islam. [43] When Tulayha appeared close to defeat, the Fazara section of the Ghatafan under their chief Uyayna ibn Hisn deserted the field, compelling Tulayha to flee for Syria. Having heard of such a condition, Umar ibn al-Khattab left Madinah, travelling alone with one donkey and one servant. Crossing the desert, he aided in the conquest of Syria; and, though the new caliph, Umar, formally relieved him of high command (for unknown reasons), Khlid remained the effective leader of the forces facing the Byzantine armies in Syria and Palestine. [169] According to al-Tabari, he was one of the witnesses of a letter of assurance by Umar to Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem guaranteeing the safety of the city's people and property. Kennedy. [105], The historian Ryan J. Lynch deems Khalid's desert march to be a literary construct by the authors of the Islamic tradition to form a narrative linking the Muslim conquests of Iraq and Syria and presenting the conquests as "a well-calculated, singular affair" in line with the authors' alleged polemical motives. [19], The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr. [17] While on his way to Bosra, he was executed in the village of Mu'tah by the orders of a Ghassanid official Shurahbil ibn Amr.[17]. [124] He was prompted by the approach of a large Byzantine army dispatched by Heraclius,[124] consisting of imperial troops led by Vahan and Theodore Trithyrius and frontier troops, including Christian Arab light cavalry led by the Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham and Armenian auxiliaries led by a certain Georgius (called Jaraja by the Arabs). Related [183] During his 17th-century visit to the mausoleum, the Muslim scholar Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi agreed that Khalid was buried there but also noted an alternative Islamic tradition that the grave belonged to Mu'awiya's grandson Khalid ibn Yazid. [104] The span between the two sites is arid and corresponds with the six-day march narrative. [153], The modern historians De Goeje, William Muir and Andreas Stratos viewed Umar's enmity with Khalid as a contributing cause of Khalid's dismissal. [79] He received similar assistance from the Sadus clan of the Dhuhl tribe under Qutba ibn Qatada and the Ijl tribe under al-Madh'ur ibn Adi during the engagements at Ubulla and Walaja. [102] The stretch of desert between Ayn al-Tamr and Palmyra is long enough to corroborate a six-day march and contains scarce watering points, though there are no placenames that can be interpreted as Quraqir or Suwa. [82] Ayn al-Tamr capitulated and Khalid captured the town of Sandawda to the north. 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