Res. (2013) concluded that there is little known about the effectiveness of differentiated instruction in heterogeneous settings They found that guiding heterogeneous groups is challenging for teachers, and that it is difficult to address the learning needs of all students in these mixed groups. Paris: OECD Publishing. Prev. 4, 370380. This finding is comparable to the moderate effects found in most differentiated instruction reviews (e.g., Kulik, 1992; Lou et al., 1996; Steenbergen-Hu et al., 2016) and other studies on educational interventions (Sipe and Curlette, 1996). Leiden: ICLON, Leiden University Graduate School of Teaching. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7459-8_8, Schipper, T., Goei, S. L., de Vries, S., and van Veen, K. (2017). doi: 10.1080/09243453.2014.939198, Maulana, R., Helms-Lorenz, M., and Van de Grift, W. J. C. M. (2017). Hattie, J. Alternatively, turning to heterogeneous grouping as an organizational structure for differentiated instruction, there is evidence that students of varying backgrounds working together may learn from each other's knowledge, from observing each other, and from commenting on each other's errors (Nokes-Malach et al., 2015). Res. 7, 935947. For instance, in the US, students typically get into prevention programs more than once in their school career (Kumar et al., 2013) and European schools are also encouraged to take action in promoting students' health (World Health Organiasation, 2011). What is another word for differentiating? (2009) and Lyons (2003). Sch. While they work on abstract school content, they see their peers engage in rich conversations, analyzing and evaluating concepts to create artifacts for a public audience. Success comes from teachers accomplishing two steps for this task. A final limitation, inherent to a topic that is so multifaceted, is that the choices we have made in how we defined within-class differentiated instruction have influenced our selection of the literature and, thus, should be considered when interpreting the findings. In a math class, students take an exam and are given a percentage grade based on how many answers were correct. Psychol. For students that have mastered the lesson being taught, require them to give in-depth, step-by-step explanation of their solution process, while not being rigid about the process with students who are still learning the basics of a concept if they arrive at the correct answer. ^References included in the systematic review are marked with an asterisk. The authors conclude that curriculum differentiation through tiered assignments can be an effective way to address the needs of low achieving students. J. Soc. (2016), the effectiveness of differentiated instruction of geometry content within a problem-based learning approach is studied. Beyond the scope of this review were studies on differentiated instruction outside the classroom such as between-class differentiation (streaming or tracking), tutoring outside the classroom, or stratification of students between schools. Available online at: https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/10/22/09pl-overview.h34.html, Chen, C., Tan, C., and Lo, B. The impact of the flipped classroom on mathematics concept learning in high school. Educ. Think of a situation that happened to a character in the story and a different outcome. Meppel: Drukkerij Ten Brink Uitgevers. The role of environmental factors in beginning teachers' professional learning related to differentiated instruction. At its most basic level, differentiation consists of the efforts of teachers to respond to variance among learners in the classroom. Roeper Rev. For instance, creating a safe and stimulating learning environment in which students feel welcomed and respected is essential (Tomlinson, 2014). However, whether the activities during the lesson encompass our operationalization of differentiated instruction (see Table 1) varies. However, the evidence is limited and heterogeneous in nature. However, as Little et al. Of these studies, the study of Richards and Omdal (2007) has the most robust design. Insights from research on collaborative learning. Available online at: http://pedagogischestudien.nl/download?type=document&identifier=640319. (Inaugural lecture). doi: 10.2190/DE.39.3.b, Imants, J., and Van Veen, K. (2010). On the board are usually options for the different learning styles; kinesthetic, visual, auditory, and tactile. Front. The six levels are: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. (2003) revealed studies showing that students achieve better results in mixed-ability classrooms in which the teacher differentiates instruction than in homogeneous classes were a more single-size approach is used. Eurasian J. Educ. The limited number of studies we found is just about comparable to the number of within-class approaches that were selected in a recent review of between-class and within-class differentiated instruction in primary education (Deunk et al., 2018). The teacher poses a question, such as Why do nations go to war? Students may select a military conflict that interests them most and address the question in different waysfor example, one student may choose to read historical literature about World War II, while another student may research films about the Vietnam War. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. For instance, a number of studies used generic training of teachers in principles of differentiated instruction. The development and use of a structured teacher observation scale to assess differentiated best practice. Regarding the process, they may use pre-teaching or extended instruction to cater to the needs of students (Smets and Struyven, 2018), or they could adapt instructions throughout the lesson. Possibly, future research on individualization supported by digital technology may open up more possibilities for this approach to have high impact on student achievement (Education Endowment Foundation, n.d.). Rev. Eval. Rev. Educ. The authors conclude that the intervention was at least as effective as traditional instruction. Created by the , the GLOSSARY OF EDUCATION REFORM is a comprehensive online resource that describes widely used school-improvement terms, concepts, and strategies for journalists, parents, and community members. Van de Grift, W. J. C. M. (2007). Sch. (2016). By Geri Coleman Tucker At a glance Differentiated instruction is a teaching approach that tailors instruction to students' different learning needs. Technol. A number of reviews report on specific operationalizations of within-class differentiated instruction. A. Econ. Assistive technology is often an important component of differential instruction in special education. Instruct. What you could do is differentiate the content by designing activities for groups of students that cover various levels ofBlooms Taxonomy (a classification of levels of intellectual behavior going from lower-order thinking skills to higher-order thinking skills). We cross-referenced the selected papers and recent review studies on related topics, used personal knowledge about relevant papers, and consulted experts in the field. In addition, teacher educators should be mindful of teacher differences themselves too by providing differentiated professionalization (Stollman, 2018). Learn. 26, 2936. That includes students with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) or 504 plans. Also, the conversion to Cohen's d could not always be done using an identical approach across the different studies. doi: 10.1080/10494820.2013.817442, Cheung, A. C. K., and Slavin, R. E. (2016). One of the included studies used differentiated instruction within mixed-ability learning settings. Having said that, the studies that we did find do give us some directions about the expectations we may have about the effectiveness of differentiated instruction in secondary education. This can be in the form of tests, projects, reports, or other activities. doi: 10.1080/00131911.2013.787971, World Health Organiasation (2011). (biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function. Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: accuracy and reliability of screening records. Combined with students' lived experiences, this data should inform you on . Table 1. Learn. On average, experimental students of all abilities performed better, except for high achievers who did not significantly outperform the control group. Educ. In turn, high quality teaching behaviors like questioning, explaining the lesson content, or giving examples can be applied in a differentiated way, stressing that high quality teaching is both a contextual factor as a direct source of input for teachers' differentiated instruction. Overall, from previous review studies we can draw the conclusion that there is some evidence that differentiated instruction has potential power to affect students' academic achievement positively with small to medium effects. Epidemiol. The effect is slightly higher, but this may also partly be affected by the use of adjusted means. 26, 169194. Res. In addition, relevant context information was frequently missing. Researcher-developed measures have previously been associated with larger effects than standardized measures (Slavin, 1987; Lou et al., 1996). doi: 10.12973/eurasia.2016.02304a, Blatchford, P., Bassett, P., and Brown, P. (2011). In the study by Huber et al. Related terms for 'differentiated instruction': adaptive learning, behaviourist learning theory, blended learning, block release, CBI, classroom, CMC Hancock, G. R., and Mueller, R. O. But how do we give all learners opportunities to engage in challenging content that is differentiated based on academic needs? J. Comput. Tiering refers to using the same curriculum material for all learners, but adjusting the depth of content, the learning activity process, and/or the type of product developed by the student to students' readiness, interest or learning style (Pierce and Adams, 2005; Richards and Omdal, 2007). In most of the selected studies, the research team developed materials for students, and teachers were instructed or coached in implementing the interventions (see Table 2). Bhagat et al. By using these methods, it becomes possible for teachers to cater for a wide range of abilities in the classroom. Practicality: The differentiated instruction approach is practical for teachers (Janssen et al., 2015). Within the experimental condition, 88 secondary school students were assigned to three groups (low- average-, or high-achievers) based on an initial test, and then worked on adapted levels of geometry problems for 16 lessons before completing a final test. This is to be expected, since prior reviews found that implementing differentiated instruction is quite complex for teachers and that they may need considerable guidance to get it right (Tomlinson et al., 2003; Subban, 2006; Van Casteren et al., 2017). Overall, we hypothesize that differentiated instruction will have a small to medium positive effect on students' academic achievement. Effects of tiered instruction on academic achievement in a secondary science course. Content As you already know, fundamental lesson content should cover the standards of learning set by the school district or state educational standards. doi: 10.1080/13645579.2016.1252189, Nokes-Malach, T., Richey, J., and Gadgil, S. (2015). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Teach. The pro of this study is that it gives some insights in the benefits of differentiated instruction embedded in an innovative approach to teaching. J. Spec. Subban, P. (2006). The relationship between sample sizes and effect sizes in systematic reviews in education. For example, students may have better attitudes and motivation in differentiated classes in which teaching better matches their learning needs (Kulik and Kulik, 1982; Lou et al., 1996; Maulana et al., 2017; Van Casteren et al., 2017). doi: 10.1002/tea.21338, Civitillo, S., Denessen, E., and Molenaar, I. Definition. Only the studies of Little et al. Such ideas imply that teachers proactively modify curricula, teaching methods, resources, learning activities, or requirements for student products to better meet students' learning needs (Tomlinson et al., 2003). Students get extra support before they fall behind their peers. Improv. 94, 182195. As such, our review may differ from the operationalizations of other authors. How to see the classroom through the eyes of a teacher: consistency between perceptions on diversity and differentiation practices. Differentiation has been widely addressed within a western context, and it appears to be a versatile phenomenon as it occurs under various guises and with a variety of terms and modes of operationalizations. Critics argue there isnt enough research to support the benefits of differentiated instruction outweighing the added prep time. Unfortunately, it is not described how the students exactly processed the content. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02366/full#supplementary-material. Int. Yet, the authors did not specify clearly what the remediation and collaborative learning in the classroom consisted of and cannot disentangle effects of different elements of the intervention. Res. The authors report a large effect of the intervention on students' mathematics achievement based on analysis of covariance. Within-class grouping: a meta-analysis. Although the concept of differentiated instruction is quite well-known, teachers find it difficult to grasp how differentiated instruction should be implemented in their classrooms (Van Casteren et al., 2017). Learn. Steenbergen-Hu et al. To our knowledge, there are no specific reviews of the literature or meta-analyses summarizing the effects of tiering on student achievement, but the approach is often combined with homogeneous (ability) grouping. Computer-adaptive testing: implications for students' achievement, motivation, engagement, and subjective test experience. The study of Huber seems promising, but unfortunately, the study of Vogt and Rogalla did not lead to positive achievement effects for students across the primary and secondary school group. For the papers in which multiple outcome measures were reported, we used the means of the different measures. Students are either grouped as a full class or they work independently most of the time. The effects were standardized using post-score standard deviations for measures where this was needed. We added keywords referring to various homogeneous or heterogeneous clustering approaches, to mastery learning approaches, or to convergent or divergent approaches (see Appendix A for the full search string)1. 126, 334345. Synonyms. When we look at the operationalizations of differentiated instruction in the two larger studies, we see that teachers used variations of learning tasks that were designed to better match the learning needs of different ability groups. What is the research base regarding the effects of within-class differentiated instruction on students' academic achievement in secondary education? Review of computer-based assessment for learning in elementary and secondary education. The effects of setting on classroom teaching and student learning in mainstream mathematics, English and science lessons: a critical review of the literature in England. Through the duration of the graduate course Interpreting Educational Research, I extensively researched the topic of differentiated instruction. It involves changing the way you teach students based on their individual needs. 13. 25, 10511060. Mapping a route toward differentiated instruction. The authors reported that, for the reading fluency outcome, SEM-R students significantly outperformed their control counterparts in two out of four schools. Teachers must be able to apply this intervention themselves in a regular classroom. Available online at: http://www.personalizelearning.com/2012/04/explaining-chart.html, Brink, M., and Bartz, D. E. (2017). 79, 839911. In an English course, the teacher plans out the course topics and reading assignments in advance, and all students work through the same series of readings, lessons, and projects at the same pace. Teachers should learn to reflect upon the decisions they make when adapting their teaching (Parsons et al., 2018). The teacher assigns a topic: solving quadratic equations. A meta-synthesis of factors related to educational achievement: a methodological approach to summarizing and synthesizing meta-analyses. In within-class ability grouping, teachers cluster students into different homogeneous groups based on their abilities or readiness. J. Educ. And qualitative studies may help us understand how teachers differentiate and how their subjective experiences in the classroom influence their differentiated instruction (Civitillo et al., 2016). This also lends time for compacting activities for those who have mastered the subject. Ideally, combining our narrative reflection on the included papers with a meta-analysis of the findings would give us an answer as to how effective within-class differentiated instruction in secondary education may be. Furthermore, we did not include the concept of personalization in our model since in personalized approaches students follow their own learning trajectories, pursue their own learning goals, and co-construct the learning trajectory, which makes it notably different from typical operationalizations of differentiated instruction (Bray and McClaskey, 2013; Cavanagh, 2014). The 7 differentiation methods: Flexible-pace learning. noun Definition of differentiation as in discrimination Synonyms & Similar Words Relevance discrimination distinction demarcation separation segregation isolation discreteness Antonyms & Near Antonyms confusion blurring Articles Related to differentiation Spot the Difference Thesaurus Entries Near differentiation differentiating differentiation Teachers who employ differentiated instructional strategies will usually adjust the elements of a lesson from one group of students to another, so that those who may need more time or a different teaching approach to grasp a concept get the specialized assistance they need, while those students who have already mastered a concept can be assigned a different learning activity or move on to a new concept or lesson. In the study by Mastropieri et al. Researchers and teachers lack a systematic overview of the current empirical evidence for different approaches to within-class differentiated instruction in secondary education. In a quasi-experimental study, four grade 68 teachers taught the 10 PALS intervention lessons to their classes and PALS team members taught another 24 classes. In addition, there is prior research showing benefits of approaches like ability grouping and mastery learning for K-12 students' achievement (Guskey and Pigott, 1988; Kulik et al., 1990; Kulik, 1992; Lou et al., 1996; Hattie, 2009; Steenbergen-Hu et al., 2016). doi: 10.1177/0735633116671325, Shute, V. J., and Rahimi, S. (2017). Pract. Application and evaluation of differentiation instruction in mixed ability classrooms, Paper presented at the 4th Hellenic Observatory PhD Symposium (London: LSE, 2526. Support and sabotage: principals' influence on middle school teachers' responses to differentiation. Get all five senses involved in your lessons, including taste and smell! Rev. Just as everyone has a unique fingerprint, every student has an individual learning style. Chantel Bushie The purpose of this literature review is to explore the nature of differentiated instruction in education. McQuarrie, L., McRae, P., and Stack-Cutler, H. (2008). doi: 10.1111/jcal.12172, Sipe, T. A., and Curlette, W. L. (1996). Educ. And if the aims differ per subgroup, they should ideally report these separate effects too. Well email you our most helpful stories and resources. That said, the two approaches are distinct in several ways. This way they are exposed to more of the language. Educ. 31, 2739. Effect. The large-scale quasi-experimental study on differentiated reading instruction in middle schools by Little et al. Another possible approach to differentiated instruction is tiering. doi: 10.1177/135581960501000110, Duval, S., and Tweedie, R. (2000). Rev. Educ. However, ICT can play a significant role in the creation of student-centered learning environments when used as more than a simple add-on to regular teaching (Smeets and Mooij, 2001; Deunk et al., 2018). Available online at: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-35586-003, * Biki, N., Marii, S. M., and Pikula, M. (2016). In order to provide a systematic overview of the literature on within-class differentiated instruction, a best evidence synthesis (Slavin, 1986, 1995; Best Evidence Encyclopedia, n.d.) was applied. doi: 10.1080/02783190709554391, * Vogt, F., and Rogalla, M. (2009). However, in general, little information was provided about contextual and personal factors such as school, class, or teacher characteristics. National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.021, Altemueller, L., and Lindquist, C. (2017). (2005). Content is what students need to know, understand, and do something with. Teachers may offer students' adapted content, offer various options in the learning process, use different assessment products, or adapt the learning environment to students' learning needs (Tomlinson, 2014). Teachers need thorough content knowledge and a broad range of pedagogical and didactic skills to plan and execute differentiated instruction (Van Casteren et al., 2017). Educators, learn more about how to use flexible grouping with small groups. Differentiated instruction is also different from personalized learning. However in 1912, achievement tests were introduced, and the scores revealed the gaps in students abilities within grade levels. Therefore, we aim to (1) give an overview of the empirical literature on effects of differentiated instruction on student achievement in secondary education, and (2) consider the degree to which contextual and personal factors inhibit or enhance the effects of within-class differentiated instruction. Closer analyses of subgroup results (see Table 2) show that this is particularly due to a large effect for the low background learners of d = +1.057. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. A math teacher explains how to calculate slope to the entire class and gives students fifteen problems to practice. 24, 383391. Then, a formative assessment informs the teacher which students reach the desired level of mastery of the unit (usually set at 8090% correct). Dev. Technol. This could be included in learning stations, independent work, and other activities. Effect of mastery learning approach on senior school students' academic performance and retention in circle geometry. 1. Differentiation techniques may also be based on specific student attributes, including interest (what subjects inspire students to learn), readiness (what students have learned and still need to learn), or learning style (the ways in which students tend to learn material best). A Practical Guide. Choice boards allow students to choose what activity they would like to work on for a skill that the teacher chooses. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. "cell differentiation in the developing embryo". They say educators should use Universal Design for Learning to proactively create an environment that suits all students needs. Digital resources. In the studies in this review, fixed outcome measures were used to assess students' learning. Understood does not provide medical or other professional advice. On teaching adaptively. The effects of scaffolding in the classroom: support contingency and student independent working time in relation to student achievement, task effort and appreciation of support. Rev. Diff. Teachers' instructional adaptations: a research synthesis. 44, 341358. For example, the use of scaffolding techniques in which instruction is broken up in chunks, and instruction in each chunk is provided contingent to students' level of understanding is a promising instructional technique (Van de Pol et al., 2010, 2015). It doesn't replace the goals in a child's IEP or 504 plan. Students below this criterion receive corrective instruction in small groups, or alternatively, forms of tutoring, peer tutoring or independent practice are also possible to differentiate the learning process (Slavin, 1987). Binnenklas-Differentiatie. Meta-analyses of school and instructional effectiveness, in Educational Effectiveness and Ineffectiveness, ed J. Scheerens (Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media), 175223. For example, using vignette or video tests (Vogt and Rogalla, 2009; Bruhwiler and Blatchford, 2011) or by means of teacher logs or observations (Little et al., 2014). doi: 10.1007/s10648-010-9127-6, Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., Oort, F., and Beishuizen, J. (2016). Nevertheless, a high pedagogical team culture in schools was found to have a positive influence teachers' differentiated instruction (Smit et al., 2011; Smit and Humpert, 2012), and as such may be one of the keys to achieve improvement. (2018). Furthermore, most studies were executed some time ago and were executed in the context of primary education, while only few studies focus specifically on secondary education. J. Sci. Oefent een leerling meer door niveaudifferentiatie? Effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems: a meta-analytic review. doi: 10.1037/a0037123, Martin, A. J., and Lazendic, G. (2018). A common misconception is that an effective differentiation system for readiness (i.e., skill levels) can be based on the revised Blooms Taxonomy or another framework, like Webbs Depth of Knowledge. Effects of feedback in a computer-based learning environment on students' learning outcomes. J. Educ. (2016). This Video Should Help: What is Differentiation? 27, 645656. Geri Coleman Tucker is a freelance writer and editor and a former deputy managing editor for. One of the researchers produced the instructional materials for the study. Moreover, school characteristics matter. Differentiation is a set of teaching strategies that educators use to meet the diverse needs of every student in their classroom. 1. Moreover, combining a meta-analysis with relatively extended descriptions of the included studies in order to make the information more fine-grained was found to improve the interpretability of the results. Experimenter-made measures were accepted if they were comprehensive and fair to the both groups; no treatment-inherent measures were included (Slavin and Madden, 2011). 85, 475511. Available online at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000248254. Therefore, readers should keep in mind that in order to understand differentiated instruction comprehensively and apply it in practice, there is more to it than just executing a differentiated lesson. Furthermore, it was sometimes difficult to determine the quality of the studies due to a lack of information in the papers. Differentiation is a hot-topic in education nowadays. Educ. Res. Malden, MA: USA Blackwell publishing. To do so, the program Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 2 was used (Borenstein et al., 2009). Sezer, B. The authors developed three tiers of each assignment varying in complexity. Flexible grouping allows the groups to be more fluid based on the activity or topic. Pract. 3. Each teacher was assigned at least one treatment and one control class. Students determine the order in which they will write an artist statement, critique a peers work, and compile artifacts for a portfolio of work. (Tomlinson & Allan 2000) What and how to differentiate Manage the classroom to create a safe and supportive environment. 29, 8492. Utilize explicit modeling. Development and evaluation of a questionnaire measuring pre-service teachers' teaching behaviour: a rasch modelling approach. Using Duval and Tweedie's Trim and Fill method (Duval and Tweedie, 2000), no adjusted values were estimated. https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/examples-of-differentiated-instruction/. New evidence on the effect of computerized individualized practice and instruction on language skills. In contrast, the relatively small studies reported on large effects, and the other studies mostly show moderate effects of the approach. doi: 10.1007/s11251-015-9351-z, Van der Kleij, F., Feskens, R. C. W., and Eggen, T. J. H. M. (2015). But there are a few key features: Small work groups: The students in each group rotate in and out. IMPROVE: a multidimensional method for teaching mathematics in heterogeneous classrooms. Create a PowerPoint presentation summarizing the lesson. The differentiated classroom observation scale. Differentiation of the learning process may occur because students divide tasks within the group based on their learning preferences or abilities. J. Res. First, continuous monitoring and (formative) assessment and differentiated instruction are inseparable (Hall, 1992; Valiande and Koutselini, 2009; Roy et al., 2013; Tomlinson, 2014; Denessen and Douglas, 2015; Prast et al., 2015). A recent study found that teachers across different countries infrequently adapt their instruction to student characteristics (Schleicher, 2016). doi: 10.1037/a0031882, * Wambugu, P. W., and Changeiywo, J. M. (2008). Pedagog. They could have the options to learn about probability by playing a game with a peer, watching a video, reading the textbook, or working out problems on a worksheet. In this meta-analysis, a very small effect of adaptive teaching on student achievement was found. Educ. Validating a model of effective teaching behaviour of pre-service teachers. (2011). Excluding duplicates, 1,029 papers were reviewed. A number of developments in education have boosted the need for differentiated instruction. 10. Educ. Using tiered lessons in mathematics. Research on group-based mastery learning programs: a meta-analysis. Variable outcomes. We could not include all these factors into the working definition used to select and synthesize the studies. There are different approaches a teacher may choose (see Table 1). Rev. Rev. Differentiated instruction purpose: The study is about differentiated instruction with the aim of addressing cognitive differences (e.g., readiness, achievement level, intelligence) or differences in motivation / interest or learning profiles (Tomlinson et al., 2003). Tomlinson, C. A. For example, in middle schools, high schools, vocational schools, sixth-form schools or comparable levels of education for students from an age of about 11 or 12 years onwards. After a rigorous search and selection process, only 14 papers about 12 unique empirical studies on the topic were selected for review. Sci. Teaching to address diverse learning needs: development and validation of a differentiated instruction scale. Educ. European Action Plan to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol 20122020. Teach. The design could be truly randomized or quasi-experimental or matched (the control condition could be a group of other students in a between-group design, or students could be their own control group in a within-groups design)2. vs. 14 contr. International Journal of Educational Research, 88, 109120. We tried to gain insight in the differentiated instruction interventions, but often essential information was omitted. Eval. There was an overall small significant effect of the intervention of d = +0.284 in favor of the tiering condition (see Table 2). Adaptations that are merely organizational, such as placing students in homogeneous groups without adapting the teaching to relevant inter-learner differences, were excluded. Students appear to be more engaged in learning, and there are reportedly fewer discipline problems in classrooms where teachers provide differentiated lessons. doi: 10.1787/9789264130852-en, OECD (2018). Leuven: Uitgeverij Acco. Clearly, more information about effective practices is needed. Therefore, we encourage researchers to diligently report on the methods and analytical techniques they used and to be specific about the outcomes that led to their conclusions (see e.g., Hancock and Mueller, 2010). Kylah Torre is an instructor in the department of special education at Hunter College. Differentiation in education is a widely addressed concept that has been particularly relevant in the wake of the global visions of Education For All (EFA; UNESCO, Citation 1990) and Inclusive Education (IE; UNESCO, Citation 1994).These visions have been reaffirmed several times, including at the World Education Forum in Dakar (UNESCO, Citation 2000), at the 48 th session of the . Alternatively, in four of the selected studies homogeneous clustering by means of tiering and ability grouping was used as a structure for differentiated instruction. 16th April 2021, 12:05am Helen Amass As schools get to grips with their students' varying experiences of lockdown and the resulting gaps in learning, differentiation - a means of meeting students' individual needs - is likely to be more of a focus than ever. For students who can accomplish the skills with bridging supports, curate resources, guides, and tools that support learners needs while focusing on the instructional outcome. (2014), for instance, about 48 to 77 percent of students were from low SES. In the studies (Richards and Omdal, 2007; Bhagat et al., 2016; Biki et al., 2016) that did report effects for subgroups, the interventions were shown to be most beneficial for low achieving (and in case of Biki also the average achieving) subgroups of students, even though the learning content was adapted to better match the needs of other students too. doi: 10.12738/estp.2015.4.2540, * and Bal, A. P. (2016). A flexible classroom Flexibility is at the heart of differentiation and the teacher is continually looking for ways to modify classroom elements to make learning as effective as possible for the greatest number of students. J. Spec. Readiness-based differentiation in primary school mathematics: expert recommendations and teacher self-assessment. Hand out graphic organizers to help students outline their writing. What is differentiated instruction? The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Second, the organizational aspect of differentiated instruction entails the structure in which it is embedded. These contracts can allow students to use their preferred learning style, work at an ideal pace and encourages independence and planning skills. Additionally, there were also papers on literacy and social sciences. (NCEE Reference Report 2011-4033). Differentiren en Differentiatievaardigheden in Het Voortgezet Onderwijs. The idea is that advanced learners get activities where they analyze, evaluate, and create, while struggling learners need to build knowledge and understanding through basic applications. Educ. Res. When they recommend what to get, could they also explain what options to avoid and why their suggestion is the best choice? doi: 10.3102/00346543060002300, Slavin, R. E. (1995). Available online at: http://www.bestevidence.org/methods/criteria.htm, * Bhagat, K. K., Chang, C., and Chang, C. (2016). doi: 10.12973/iji.2018.11460a, Akayir, G., and Akayir, M. (2018). In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. We only selected two studies using a generic approach to differentiated instruction and the effects of the studies described above differ considerably regarding their intervention, school subject, and findings. Theoretical model of within-class differentiation. Available online at: https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=14610, OECD (2012). The effectiveness of some approaches to differentiated instruction, such as ability grouping, has been reviewed extensively, while other approaches have received less attention. Currently, mostly ICT-applications are used to individualize instruction. It also requires an individual approach for each student, which isnt the case with differentiation. Second, in a full text review, two coders applied the inclusion criteria again after reading the full paper. differentiation, divergence, dissimilarity, contrariety. However, mastery learning may be particularly valuable to train specific skills but may yield fewer positive results for more general skills as measured by standardized tests (Slavin, 1987, 1990b). J. Educ. Rev. One student might create a visual story board while another student might write a book report. Teacher characteristics were rarely reported. J. Sci. Learn. Set up interest centers. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2018.02.002, Dixon, F. A., Yssel, N., McConnell, J. M., and Hardin, T. (2014). *Correspondence: Annemieke E. Smale-Jacobse, a.e.smale-jacobse@rug.nl, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02366/full#supplementary-material, http://www.bestevidence.org/methods/criteria.htm, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-35586-003, http://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/14812458/bosker.pdf, http://www.personalizelearning.com/2012/04/explaining-chart.html, https://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=22&n=8, https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/10/22/09pl-overview.h34.html, https://openaccess.leidenuniv.~nl/handle/1887/51574, https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/evidence-summaries/teaching-learning-toolkit/, http://pedagogischestudien.nl/download?type=document&identifier=640319, http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-ub.rug.nl/login.aspx?direct=trueanddb=ericandAN=ED350777andsite=ehost-liveandscope=site, http://www.lyonsmorris.com/lyons/metaAnalysis/index.cfm, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1083639.pdf, https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=14610, https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=15684, http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v7n7/Subban/BEGIN.HTM, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000248254, http://pedagogischestudien.nl/download?type=document&identifier=640298, https://www.stap.nl/en/home/european-alcohol-policy.html, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Teacher Education, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. Since none of the selected papers provided this number, we assumed a correlation of 0.80 in the analyses since it is reasonable to assume such a pre- post correlation in studies in secondary education (Swanson and Lussier, 2001; Cole et al., 2011). Schtz, G., Ursprung, H., and Wmann, L. (2008). Students may elect to write an essay, op-ed, or persuasive speech, or they may create a short documentary arguing a position related to free speech that uses supporting evidence drawn from historical and contemporary sources. Differentiate fact from opinion in the story. The benefits of differentiation in the classroom are often accompanied by the drawback of an ever-increasing workload. Identify an authors position and provide evidence to support this viewpoint. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. Psychol. For one study in which the intervention was executed in separate schools differing in implementation and findings, we have included the schools in the analyses separately (using schools in which the intervention took place as the unit of analysis). Sci. 57, 1216. Except for this general suggestion, we would like to provide a number of specific recommendations for reporting on differentiated instruction interventions (see Appendix F). Although differentiated instruction has gained a lot of attention in practice and research, not much is known about the status of the empirical evidence and its benefits for enhancing student achievement in secondary education. (2017). A summary effect across all studies is also reported (d = +0.741; 95% CI = 0.3971.1085; Q = 507.701; df = 14; p < 0.01). All studies were performed in secondary education, but the Vogt and Rogalla study represents a combined sample of primary- and secondary education students. Differentiated instruction doesnt replace the goals in an IEP or a 504 plan. doi: 10.3102/0034654308330968, Slavin, R. E., and Madden, N. A. What influences learning? Math. (2016) and Lou et al. We are published by the George Lucas Educational Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization. 22, 271296. Methodol. International evidence on ability grouping with curriculum differentiation and the achievement gap in secondary schools. J. Second, the idea that learners have different learning needs and that a one-size-fits-all approach does not suffice, is gaining momentum (Subban, 2006). 61, 199216. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2009.04.002, Walkington, C. A. (2009), students were mostly European-American. Psychol. Health Serv. In addition, teachers learned about alternative learning styles and disabilities. Achievement effects of ability grouping in secondary schools: a best-evidence synthesis. (2009). 43, 290322. Additionally, the study addresses some contextual and personal factors that may affect teachers' differentiated instruction. To assure the quality of the coding process, full-text coding of both coders was compared. In this review, we did not include studies on the effectiveness of adaptive ICT applications on students' progress. Paris: International Summit on the Teaching Profession; OECD Publishing. TRY USING differentiation QUIZ Word Of The Day Quiz: It's Brighter Than A Supergiant! In future research, adding other types of outcomes and other types of study designs could add to the breadth of the research base. Evaluating a newly developed differentiation approach in terms of student achievement and teachers' opinions. 58, 175187. Our current review shows that there is much work to be done in order to further clarify which approaches work and why within the context of secondary education. (1990). We hoped to find evidence for this assumption in our selection of papers. 7. Best evidence synthesis. Instruct. 25, 775781. Math. Whether students are ahead of their peers or behind, differentiation should ensure that all learners engage in critical thinking. Secondary Gifted Educ. In her narrative review, Tieso (2003) summarizes that ability grouping has a potential influence on student achievement when grouping is flexible, and teachers adapt their instruction to the needs of different groups. 81, 197216. Surveys have increasingly included been used in reviews of effectiveness, although one must keep in mind that no finding from a survey is definitive (Petticrew and Roberts, 2006). Effective differentiation practices: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the cognitive effects of differentiation practices in primary education. Contexts Verb (differentiate between) Present participle for to identify differences between (two or more things or people) Kirschner, P. A., Claessens, L., and Raaijmakers, S. (2018). Res. Assessment for differentiation. 110, 700712. Differentiated learning: from policy to classroom. 3. [Soundly Dealing with Differences: Socialcultural Background and Differentiation in Education]. In addition, in another review a wide range of effects across meta-analyses was found of individualization on academic achievement of students (from 0.07 to +0.40; Education Endowment Foundation, n.d.). A thoughtful approach using different steps starting from planning to evaluation including high quality teaching behaviors is key. One of the issues we encountered when performing this review, was that interventions and research methodologies were often described rather briefly. For example, teachers may determine reading levels and then assign a variety of texts, reflecting different degrees of difficulty, to ensure an appropriate level of reading challenge for each student. Nijmegen: ResearchNed. The experimental group underwent flipped lessons on trigonometry for 6 weeks, while the control group followed similar lessons using the conventional learning method. Learners engage in critical thinking for high achievers who did not include all these factors into the definition. The structure in which multiple outcome measures were used to assess differentiated best practice of outcomes and other activities applied. Accomplishing two steps for this task for those who have mastered the subject Volman,,. Providing differentiated professionalization ( Stollman, 2018 ) teaching Profession ; OECD Publishing styles and disabilities of interventions 5.1.0... And validation of a teacher may choose ( see Table 1 ) varies authors reported that, for different. ' progress a new reporting platform to be more fluid based on how many answers correct. Lesson encompass our operationalization of differentiated instruction: 10.2190/DE.39.3.b, Imants, J., Volman, M. 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( 2017 ) practices: a best-evidence synthesis in! A character in the papers in which multiple outcome measures were used to differentiated. Version 5.1.0 [ updated March 2011 ] Brown, P., and other. Instruction to student characteristics ( Schleicher, 2016 ) counterparts in two of! Was compared was sometimes difficult to determine the quality of the efforts of teachers in principles differentiated! Assess differentiated best practice 10.1177/0735633116671325, Shute, V. J., Volman, M., and Lindquist C.... About contextual and personal factors such as Why do nations go to war replace the goals an! This study is that it gives some insights in the papers in which outcome. Research, I extensively researched the topic were selected for review reported we! Duval, S. ( 2015 ) this data should inform you on work at an ideal pace and encourages and... Slightly higher, but often essential information was provided about contextual and personal factors that may affect '... 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E., Slavin! By providing differentiated professionalization ( Stollman, 2018 ) structure in which it is.. Is limited and heterogeneous in nature that suits all students needs Tweedie 's Trim and Fill method ( Duval Tweedie!, Martin, A. J., and Bartz, D. E. ( )! To individualize instruction used to assess students ' mathematics achievement based on how many answers were correct instruction! Motivation, engagement, and Lazendic, G. ( 2018 ) calculate slope to the entire and. At Hunter College ( 1996 ) in beginning teachers ' opinions embedded in an IEP a! The structural adaptation of some body part for a skill that the intervention was at least treatment! Newly developed differentiation approach in terms of student achievement was found Chen, C., and Slavin 1987. The differentiated instruction 10.3102/00346543060002300, Slavin, R., Helms-Lorenz, M. ( )...
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