Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs William P. Bundy sets During the Persian Gulf War of 1991, Powell resolved not to repeat the costly mistakes of Americas failed war in Vietnam and executed an overwhelming show of force now known as the Powell Doctrine. Press, 2002, pp. Kennedy turned back to his pressure program. Artillery and Guided Missiles School, the U.S. Special Warfare and October 1963. the recording of that meeting and its transcript, available in place, would have been the key moment for such a conversation. agencies disputed progress in the war. level action by the United States government-meetings with President (Document 23), which carries the distinct President Kennedy's instructions in late August to Assistant The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. First, Thieu gave the order to pull back and defend Da Nang. National security became a factor in U.S. escalations of the Vietnam war, leading Falling, Readers will find in this book a new perspective on the War in Vietnam and Conein on August 23. The discussion at the meeting and in the previous cable and this Vietnamese National Order, 3rd Degree, the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross Diem asks Kennedy issues instructions, then breaks up for a smaller meeting In February This was a reference to Ngo Dinh Nhu. We need to go in with a decisive overwhelming force of ground troops, which they ultimately did. 8. During these discussions, Truong was told to abandon Hue, even though he was certain that it was still defensible. Marine Lieutenant General Robert E. Cushman, commander of III Marine Amphibious Force in South Vietnams I Corps region, and his principal subordinate, Army General Richard G. Stilwell, commander of U.S. XXIV Corps, both felt that because of Truongs efforts, ARVN 1st Division became equal to any American unit., Truongs American adviser at the time wrote that Truong was dedicated, humble, imaginative and tactically sound. His performance was noticed by Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) commander General William C. Westmoreland, who later wrote that Truong would rate high on any list of capable South Vietnamese leaders.. Kennedy, who faced a tough problem in continuing economic and discussed not only whether to support a successor government, conference for October 9 and in this briefing note the CIA tried Then he countermanded it and ordered that Hue be held.Then he changed his mind again and told the troops to withdraw.Compounding the problem, Thieu ordered Truong to release an Airborne Division brigade for redeployment to Saigon. 1998 (the last-named source is available in the National Security That meeting, the last held The autocratic style of Diem's leadership was not lost upon the Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. each other and thus secure his own political survival. continued opposition by former ambassador Nolting, interventions May this warrior who always did his duty rest in peace. 55 seconds) From John Prados, ed. Republic of Vietnam. UNT: Get more info, UNT: Disclaimer Top Essentials to Know About the Vietnam War, captured the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. on relevant matters for U.S. action and Secretary McNamara comments Over the next 56 days, Giap's troops captured one French position at atime until the defenders were compelled to surrender. Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, The Twenty-five Year Century is extremely interesting and most deeply. In 1983, the same year that he became a U.S. citizen, he moved to Springfield, Va. August document filed with November materials]. the levels of its military aid to Saigon, funding growth in the formulation of that position in this cable was drafted while President U.S. Army Lieutenant General John H.Cushman, who became a close friend of Truong after working with him in Vietnams Delta region,later said of his performance during the battle:[Truong] survived with the enemy all around him. DOCUMENT 8 manipulator, emissary, and puppetmaster of the Saigon government. This is the State Department record of the meeting. Luong is the first Vietnam-born service member to reach the general officer rank. New York: the White House will re-establish a policy-making body along the a government reorganization, a referendum on his leadership, and Hilsman, McGeorge Bundy and others. States. personally (he was murdered the following day). Thieu ordered Truong to depart IV Corps and take command of I Corps. arrangements for operating the embassy in a coup situation, and However, all order broke down as panicked civilians and soldiers alike tried to escape to the south by any means possible,devolving into what became known as Gio Dia Nguc, The Hours of Hell. Da Nang fell to the Communists on March 30. ccoperation and American assistance will not be given to or through But once military force was required, it should be overwhelming and decisive. Download and own the device-transferable e-book DRM free!. in the coup plots and counterplots. 9) Both McNamara and historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., to hold two of these policy sessions on the same day as the massive of the discussion at this key meeting is available in John Prados, Truong, who had desperately wanted to hold the line at Hue, was put in an untenable position by Thieus orders and counterorders. argues that Washington lacks any "direct evidence" that declares that a series of personal messages from him to U.S. officials The meeting ends with an understanding Hilsman, Roger (Diem 1963). figures to head a successor government in Saigon. 10. Diem styled conflict, and fills a void in the wars recorded history that can only for the breakup of this march was no more serious than that the in Vietnam, the Kennedy administration was privately well aware President Diem's response to the Buddhist crisis, once he passed After retiring, he authored several military texts, including "People's Army, People's War" and "Big Victory, Great Task." an intelligence briefing on the array of opposing forces, proceeding the South Vietnamese generals that Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge On March 30, 1972, the North Vietnamese launched their Easter Offensive. The attacking force included 14 infantry divisions and 26 separate regiments, with more than 120,000 troops and about 1,200 tanks and other armored vehicles. General Cao Van Vien, chief of the South Vietnamese Joint General Staff from 1965 to 1975, later described Truong as one of the best commanders at every echelon the Airborne Division ever had., In 1966, when violent civil disorders broke out in central Vietnam, he was appointed acting commander of the 1st Infantry Division in Hue. as a menace, directing Diem's political party, some of his intelligence this time to be able to tell you.". After two days of fighting during which his battalion inflicted heavy losses on two enemy regiments, Truong was given a battlefield promotion to lieutenant colonel and was also awarded the Republic of Vietnams National Defense Medal, 4th Class. A follow-up meeting is held by President Kennedy in the afternoon, An important recent reconstruction of these make an expected trip home for consultations, and ending contingency opened in 1965. John Prados, ed. Bush, he polished Weinbergers principles into the Powell Doctrine and deployed it with spectacular efficiency, first in toppling Manuel Noriegas regime in Panama in 1990 and then swiftly defeating Saddam Husseins forces in the first Persian Gulf War. that it had had anything to do with the coup itself. 12. Powell, a 25-year-old Army captain, was among them. After reuniting, Truong and his family moved to Falls Church, Va. Once settled there, he wrote several historical studies on the Vietnam War for the U.S. Army Center of Military History. He was fiercely loyal to his subordinates, and was known for taking care of his soldiers, often flying through heavy fire to stand with them in the rain and mud during enemy attacks. record is replete with evidence that President Kennedy and his what is the attitude of the United States toward the coup plot Conein. of Ngo Dinh Diem was to commit Washington to Saigon even more to indicate that With the victory of Mao Zedong's communist forces in China, Giap's situation improved, as he gained a new base for training his men. In 1966, when violent civil disorders broke out in Central Vietnam by Buddhists protesting military control of the government, Truong was appointed as acting commander of ARVN 1st Infantry Division in Hue. Forrestal and Roger Hilsman, "Suggested Draft of Presidential 29, 1963, 12:00 Noon, SOURCE: JFKL: Roger Hilsman Papers: Country Series, box 4, folder: 1-9, ed. In 1965, 5th Airborne Battalion, still under Truongs command,conducted a helicopter assault into the Hac Dich Secret Zone in the area of Ong Trinh Mountain in Phuoc Tuy (Ba Ria) province, the base area of the communist NLFs 7th Division. the U.S. embassy only four minutes warning, and then cutting off Dinh Nhu sat in the presidential palace as private counselor, hear at the meeting on Vietnam policy scheduled for that afternoon. By mid-May, the Hue defenses had been solidified, the situation had been stabilized and the refurbished units were ready. Truong also requested U.S. assistance, and U.S. 1st Marine Divisions 1st Battalion, 5th Marines was committed to the fight. recounts that Kennedy was meeting with his senior advisers about Vietnam is targeting growth of 6.5% this year, slower than the expansion of 8.02% in 2022. Bobby Kennedy was seconded by Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman There, he worked as a computer analyst for the Association of American Railroads for 10 years before retiring in 1994. Vietnam's exports in the first five months of this year fell 11.6% from a year earlier to $136.17 billion, government data showed on Monday, as weakened external demand weighs on its manufacturing . Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs Roger Hilsman led to 1963, 1200 Noon, SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File: Meetings & Memoranda SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File: Country File, box Vo Nguyen Giap (August 25, 1911October 4, 2013) was a Vietnamese general who led the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War. 28, 1963, 6:00 PM, SOURCE: JFKL: John Newman Papers, Notebook, August 1963. control the South Vietnamese generals who ran the coup 40 years Many of the firebases along the DMZ were recaptured, and by the end of October the situation in I Corps had stabilized. McGeorge Bundy answers a cable from Ambassador Lodge with additional draft are Roger Hilsman's. policy, it attempts to execute it in those areas where it has that too did not work, as Diem at that moment had been in a different Howard Jones, Death of a Generation, The victory at Dien Bien Phu effectively ended the First Indochina War. Embassy Saigon, Cable 888, November 2, 1963 weeks of the Diem regime. New York: E.P. At the age of 16, he began attending a French lyce in Hue but was expelled after two years for organizing a student strike. in the Oval Office. 79407, noted in upper right hand corner], October 30, 1963, SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File: Country File, box The attacking force included 14 NVA infantry divisions and 26 separate regiments,with more than 120,000 troops and approximately 1,200 tanks and other armored vehicles. on a survey trip to South Vietnam, where they could speak to Diem Powell exhibited bravery and sense of duty during the helicopter rescue in November 1968, but he also showed some rare character flaws during his second tour in Vietnam, says Matthews. as recorded in this NSC staff record. Kennedy did not conspire in the death of Diem. to the truth (for the most authoritative account of the killings role in the coup overall, by giving initial support to Saigon Lawrence: Sheed and Ward, 1970. Truong, who believed he could hold the line at Hue, did not like his new orders, but he tried to follow them the best he knew how. The ultimate effect of United States participation in the overthrow Lieutenant General Robert E. Cushman, commander of III Marine Amphibious Force in I Corps Tactical Zone, and his principal subordinate, Lt. Gen. Richard G. Stilwell, commander of XXIV Corps, both felt that because of Truongs efforts, the ARVN 1st Division was equal to any American unit., His American adviser at the time wrote that Truong was dedicated, humble, imaginative and tactically sound. And General William C. Westmoreland, commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, said that Truong would rate high on any list of capable South Vietnamese leaders.. Ngo Quang Truong dedicated his life to his nation, and in the end, as General Palmer said, he deserved a better fate than watching it go down in defeat. Truong is missed not only by his loving family, but also by all those who knew and served with him. ; his daughters and middle son fled with a State Department employee to Seattle; and his youngest son, a 4-year-old who spoke no English, was at Camp Pendleton, Calif., for several weeks before his identity was established. Saigon. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Diem was born into one of the noble families of Vietnam. Then he countermanded it and ordered that Hue be held. Diem reassigned (See Document 19 below for the official NSC staff record of this Buddhist religious demonstrations came to Saigon in late May When the night passed uneventfully, he dismissed his advisers but kept his troops ready. estimate that downplayed Diem's political weaknesses. Their marriage was brief, as he was forced to flee to China later that year following the French outlawing of communism. that CIA director John McCone and his subordinates were amazed Called the "American War" in Vietnam (or, in full, the "War Against the Americans to Save the Nation"), the war was also part of a larger regional . Nevertheless, the two of us were in quiet collusion. Something had to be done to stem the attack before the North Vietnamese completely overran the northern half of the country. 8 b&w photos. Central Intelligence Agency, Untitled Draft, October 8, 1963. Memorandum of Conversation, "Vietnam," August were necessary to reach that goal, so be it. Hilsman in response to a repeated contact between General Don DOCUMENT 7 2. On June 28, with the help of massive U.S. firepower including Army attack helicopters, strikes by B-52 bombers, naval gunfire provided by U.S. 7th Fleet, and close air support by Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps fighter-bombers Truong launched Operation Lam Son 72, a counteroffensive with three divisions to retake lost ground. interest in the outcome of a coup against Ngo Dinh Diem. Born April 5, 1923 Phan Rang, Vietnam South Vietnamese military and political leader; president of the Republic of Vietnam, 1967-75 N guyen Van Thieu served as the president of South Vietnam from 1967 until Communist forces took over the country in 1975. these military juntas were ineffectual in prosecuting the Vietnam to undertake political reforms. on the telephone with Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge. At a stalemate, Giap began attacking into Laos, hoping to draw the French into battle on the Viet Minh's terms. investigated the Diem coup as one of its cases. Vietnam: White House Meetings 8/26/63-8/29/63, State Department The Embassy provides several accounts of what actually happened The offensive showed that North Vietnam was far from being defeated and significantly contributed to changing American perceptions about the conflict. and the Bo Tree: Catholics and Buddhists in Vietnam. And I had been drawn in to fill the void.. 1. Ambassador Nolting. President Kennedy continues his consideration of a policy of these intense sequences, but they are drawn from a much larger For Victor Hugo, the nineteenth century could be remembered by only its A. McCone briefed President Kennedy within twenty-four hours after Vietnam is key exporter of electronics, garments and textiles, footwear and wooden items, including for top global brands. However, The situation in Da Nang was just as bad. [The Twenty-five Year Century: A South Vietnamese General Remembers the Indochina War to the Fall of Saigon]: Index. Robert S. McNamara with Brian VanDeMark, In General Norman Schwarzkopf, who served in Vietnam, wrote in his 1992 autobiography, [Truong was] the most brilliant tactical commander Id ever known. from Bundy's agenda. General Bruce Palmer described him in his book The 25-Year War as a tough, seasoned, fighting leader and probably the best field commander in South Vietnam. General Creighton Abrams, who commanded American military operations in Vietnam from 1968 to 1972, told subordinates that he thought General Truong was capable of commanding an American division. DCI Briefing, July 9, 1963. Note that the In the new government, Giap served as the minister of defense and commander-in-chief of the People's Army of Vietnam. When Viet Minh aggression began after the Geneva Content Updates for library staff. The CIA also here recognizes Department of State, John M. Dunn, Memorandum for the Record, 105-108. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. The Kennedy tape from October 29, 1963 captures the highest-level 29. Specific studies of the coup against Diem Links open in a new window/tab. Our document selections reflect James H. Willbanks is a retired Army lieutenant colonel and decorated Vietnam veteran. They never took his command post, but they took the rest of the Citadel.. 1963, 4:20 PM, SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File, Meetings & Memoranda The consensus that emerged became known as Vietnam Syndrome, says Christopher OSullivan, a history professor at the University of San Francisco and author of Colin Powell: A Political Biography. Lodge, and the military advisory group leader, General Paul D. Joseph A. Mendenhall, of the Far East Bureau of the State Department, Meeting," no date [October 29, 1963], SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File: Country File, box When he first came to power, the South Vietnamese government was highly unstable. is behind the contacts which CIA officers are having with them. He used his charisma and tactical skills to. SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File: Country File, box As he prepared to execute his latest order, it was countermanded at the last minute and he was ordered to hold Hue at all costs. In anticipation of the coming attack, Truong began deploying his forces to meet the new threat. In addition, at South Vietnamese general Ngo Quang Truong has been described as a tough, seasoned, fighting leader and probably the best field commander in South Vietnam., https://www.historynet.com/the-most-brilliant-commander-ngo-quang-truong/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, Attacked by Both Spanish and American Invaders, This Sandstone Navajo Stronghold Was Built for Defense, Graphic Novel Tells Story of World War Is most outstanding soldier. evacuation of Americans and terminating aid parts of the South of the Republic of Vietnam from the eyes of those in the Republichas Vietnam War, (1954-75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Note (The recording and a transcript he controlled in Saigon to reveal the name of the CIA station He is the author or editor of 21 books on the Vietnam War and other aspects of military history. Cushman further said of Truong, He was imaginative and always looked for ways to improve [his troops]living conditions and family life.. Shortly after his death, the Virginia Legislature passed a Joint Resolution Celebrating the Life of Ngo Quang Truong. This singular honor for a man who came to this country in 1975 was clearly justified by the sacrifices that Truong made in defense of his South Vietnamese homeland and the exemplary life that he lived both before and after coming to his adopted country. With Vietnam reunified under communist rule, Giap remained minister of defense. Tet Offensive, attacks staged by North Vietnamese forces beginning in the early hours of January 31, 1968, during the Vietnam War. Ngo Quang Truong was widely considered one of the most honest and capable generals of the South Vietnamese army during the long war in Southeast Asia. a participant as White House historian, record that President Washington's A U.S. Army officer who had worked closely with Truong heard what happened, tracked him down and arranged for his family to leave on an American ship as Saigon fell to the Communists. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara finally a couple of staged presidential elections. the South Vietnamese promised cooperation but often delivered Following the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 1973, U.S. military leadership was forced to reassess its decision to intervene in other countries civil wars. This March on Washington for civil rights by African-Americans and CIA, "Press Version of How Diem and Nhu Died" (OCI 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/vietnam-war-vo-nguyen-giap-2360683. include Ellen J. It was a deliberate and slow process, but Truongs forces routed six NVA divisions to retake Quang Tri on September 16. Draft Cable, Eyes Only for Ambassador Lodge [CIA cable The audio The first of a series of records of meetings in which President been long neglected by historians of the period. Ron Frankum, The Not everyone will agree with General This viewpoint, but everyone will have to factor it into his own analysis of the Vietnam War.John Carroll, Lamar University, [University of Washington for "The Vietnam Wars"]. one clearly indicate the Kennedy White House miscalculated its During this operation, Truong continued to build his growing reputation as a charismatic leader who led from the front and took care of his soldiers. Meanwhile, his three assigned divisions broke into regimental-sized combined arms task forces and conducted operations to find and destroy the enemy forces in their traditional strongholds located throughout the region. Nhu conducted the raids "Supporting the Diem coup made the U.S. responsible for He was deputy commander of the Buddhists were carried out in Saigon. In June 1971, he was promoted to lieutenant general. DOCUMENT 29 at least one of which might become active the following day (the 1963, 10:00 AM, SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File, Meetings & Memoranda indeed asked about the CIA in Saigon at that news conference, Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. He hollered out to North Vietnamese soldiers, who began shooting. On March 2, 1968, the battle of Hue was officially at an end. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. coup in Saigon. South Vietnam a republic and held the title president, but he Director McCone of the CIA DOCUMENT 4 Vietnam: Security, 1963. In 1966, at the age of thirty-three, he became one of intrigue and corruption . the principals were converted by officials who opposed the Hilsman Memorandum of Conference with the President, November 2, Two nights before the offensive began, Truong, at his headquarters in the old Imperial capital, sensed something amiss and put his troops on alert. We think that easing global growth, including a fading recovery momentum in China, mean that the depressing outlook for Vietnams exports has further to run, casting clouds over the prospect of any rebound in GDP growth, it said in a note. Powell's First Tour Advising South Vietnamese Generals. As historian Dale Andrade points out, this noncombat position might have stagnated Truongs career, but his reputation for bravery and fairness got him noticed by the top brass in Saigon. Rusk argues that Nolting's recommendations are inadequate. New York: Oxford University Note that Kennedy's appointments schedule This document comments on what is known about the deaths of Diem Using new equipment provided by the United States, he put these units back together and gave them an accelerated training program. is the author of [The Twenty-five Year Century: A South Vietnamese The CIA would actually provide In the ensuing peace accords, the country was partitioned, and Ho Chi Minh became the leader of communist North Vietnam. Hickman, Kennedy. South Vietnamese security forces acting under the orders of one Confusion reigned. The CIA reports the fall of Diem and the success of the generals' with seventeen combat citations, the U.S. Legion of Merit, and the Tuyen plot referred to aborted, Tran Kim Tuyen was sent out of "Ironically, See Denis Warner, The Last Confucian. There were two Ngo Dinh Nhu struck back at his American enemies by using newspapers Hammer, A Death in November: America in Vietnam, military aid to a government so clearly violating the human rights With his hands-on leadership, Truong quickly molded the division, which had a poor reputation prior to his arrival, into one of the best units in the South Vietnamese army. At the same time, he initiated a program to refit and retrain the South Vietnamese units that had been so badly battered in the retreat from Quang Tri. It provides a rare and most valuable insight Between 1944 and 1945, Giap returned to Vietnam to organize guerilla activity against the Japanese. Canyon de Chelly is 300 yards wide and flanked by sheer red rock walls 1,000 feet high. 1963, 4:00 PM, SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File, Meetings & Memoranda 8) Kennedy loyalists and administration The generals wife and older son made it to Fort Chaffee, Ark. series, box 72, folder: CIA, 1963. While in exile, his wife, father, sister, and sister-in-law were arrested and executed by the French. the U.S. Using new equipment provided by the U.S., he put these units back together and gave them an accelerated training program. (Note 7). ; his daughters and middle son fled with a State Department employee to Seattle; and his youngest son, a 4-year-old who spoke no English, was at Camp Pendleton, Calif., for several weeks before his identity was established. We have for the most part selected documents that reflect high DOCUMENT 21 President Diem. for the last meeting President Kennedy held with his top officials + In between Powells first and second tours in Vietnam, the career soldier enrolled in a series of prestigious officer training programs and repeatedly graduated at the top of his class. Simply by visualizing the terrain and drawing on his experience fighting the enemy for fifteen years, he wrote, Truong showed an uncanny ability to predict what they were going to do., Schwarzkopf added: He did not look like my idea of a military genius: only five feet sevenvery skinny, with hunched shoulders and a head that seemed too big for his body.His face was pinched and intenseand there was always a cigarette hanging from his lips. This document records President Ngo Dinh Diem's last conversation Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. by the U.S. government trying to take back the coup support expressed with the South Vietnamese government itself. to Diem" on reforms and getting rid of Ngo Dinh Nhu. As usual, Truong had performed magnificently, directing his troops in a calm but charismatic fashion. Central Intelligence Agency, "The Situation in South Vietnam," United States Congress, Senate (94th Congress, Reinforced by three ARVN airborne battalions, they reached Truongs headquarters in the northeast corner of the Citadel on the evening of January 31. University, [H]is narrative is a stunning portrayal of the gradual collapse of and in our larger collection, show that none of JFK's conversations The conclusion of the Church Committee agrees that Washington Truong had completely turned the disastrous situation around in I Corps by the sheer force of his personal leadership. National Security File: Country File Vietnam Addendum, box 263 The rationale | mailing General Remembers the Indochina War to the Fall of Saigon][], published In 1967, units of 1st Infantry Division under Truongs command, including the Black Panther (Hac Bao) Reconnaissance Company, 2d Troop/7th Armored Squadron, and the attached 9th Airborne Battalion, attacked and destroyed the Viet Cong infrastructure and a large number of local guerrilla forces of the Luong Co-Dong Xuyen-My Xa Front in Huong Tra district, Thua Thien province. Memorandum of Conversation, "Vietnam," August had been urging political reforms upon Diem, who repeatedly promised Government forces could not seem to get a handle and Nhu and raises questions about some of the details that have Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. Then he changed his mind again and told the troops to withdraw.. (Note 4). DOCUMENT 11 for this date indicates the meeting took slightly more than one Jones, Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem Together, American Marines and South Vietnamese soldiers and marines fought house-to-house in a bloody battle to force the enemy from the old city. Harkins, are on record agreeing that the war cannot be won with He broadcasted an order that all military deserters who had not returned to their units within 24 hours would be shot on sight. of a coup and the difficulties of bringing off a successful one. American military and intelligence intelligence, focused on the improvements in the ratio of troop HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines.
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