Truancy is a serious problem in Tanzania education system today which need highly attention in schools administrators, and teachers in schools in order to prevent high rate of students drop out from schooling(www.mkombozi.org.mkombozicentrefor street children)In school truancy is a term used to describe any intentional unauthorized absence from compulsory schooling. This paper reviews the literature to identify reasons for truancy and to suggest some ways in which this knowledge may be of assistance in developing appropriate counselling strategies. However, little progress has been made. startxref Some of the excuses were based on helping their parents to hawk goods in the market or roadside, inadequacy of fund to get instructional materials like books and other stationery and even failure to do assignment. For instance, in 2018, 34% of graduates in Washington, DC received their diplomas even though they had missed many school days (McGee, 2018). The school has also been identified as a strong factor responsible for truancy. "Truancy" is defined as an unexcused absence from school, and it also applies to students who are chronically late. We avoid using tertiary references. This study therefore attempted to assess the causes of truancy among secondary school students in Kuje Area Council, Abuja. Truancy: Causes, Effects, and Solutions 3 . View all Google Scholar citations Hostname: page-component-546b4f848f-w58md This project was carried out to find out the causes and solutions of truancy among secondary school students in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State. It should also be noted that children who are truanting could be in, physical dangeroratriskfrom being drawn intocriminal activity(www.edu.org/ Susan. A hostile school environment can also cause truancy. Extensive and more detailed research that would give full coverage and exposition to this problem need to be conducted urgently so as to prevent this menace from resulting into more serious or further problems in our educational system. (1) The study was finding out the contribution of community to truancy in secondary schools. Truancy contributes to idleness, joblessness, unemployment. The CDC is expected to reveal an operational strategy that would help set guidelines to make it safe for grades K-12 to reopen. One common pattern is for truants to attend school for morning and afternoon head counts, but somehow sneak out during most of the day. Several factors are responsible for truancy, and in many instances, multiple factors can be identified in individual cases. Moreover, children who are abused and neglected are likely to become truant. Owodunni, A.A. (1996). To find out if the distance from home to school have relation with truancy?. Truancy may be identified differently between districts, states, or governments; however, consecutive It has serious personal and legal implications if not mitigated early. truancy: [noun] an act or instance of playing truant : the state of being truant. The involvement of the entire community (parents, law enforcement, instructors, and social services) ensures that truancy rates decrease and the youth learn about the value of education. ; January -- February 2010, Educational Studies; "Truancy as a Contextual and School-Related Problem: A Comparative Multilevel Analysis of Country and School Characteristics on Civic Knowledge among Fourteen Year Olds"; Ellen Claes, et al. The main objective of this study was to examine the causes of truancy among government secondary schools students in Kuje Area Council of FCT Abuja. Having a cheating dream doesnt necessarily mean your relationship is on the fritz. This is problematic for students who dress differently or whose sexual orientation contradicts that of the majority (Gubbels, Van der Put, & Assink, 2019). Parents or guardians are responsible for sending minors to school, every day and on time. (2022, June 30). The short-term effects on students include involvement in criminal gangs, poor academic performance, and quitting education (Kerase-McCastler, 2019). Poor people skills may also cause some students to skip school because they are unable to develop relationships with their fellow students hence feel socially isolated. Delinquency: Is the act of wrongdoing. They are uninterested in their childrens education and they rarely talk to them about the value of education. Students who do not have friends or who are bullied are likely to skip school to avoid the pain of being regarded as social outcasts. } The word Mathematics is a Greek word, meaning things that ABSTRACT The study examined legislation and implementation of educational policies in Lagos State tertiary institutions. This is a serious problem that has adverse effects on students, communities, families, and the society at large. It should also be noted that children who are truanting could be in, physical danger or at risk from being drawn into criminal activity (www.edu.org/ Susan. In order to solve these, following sub-questions were answered: (1) Do learners attend school regularly? Schools cause truancy in several ways, including failing to meet the needs of students, ignoring learners' mental health challenges, and allowing students to struggle with learning difficulties without receiving professional help. 0000017031 00000 n example those students who are not attending school becouse they are employed or married.as it is observed that the number of schools has already increased and the morale on the part of students is decreased due to truancy, and due to truancy most of students are engaging in the criminal activities .This study might come up with the causes then the suggestions will be given in order to improve this problematic phenomena in secondary schools. Secondary School Students: This means some selected secondary schools are not all the schools in Ilorin Metropolis. If teachers do not take action and make victims of bullying feel safe, then they are likely to skip school (Garcia & Weiss, 2018). (2022) 'Truancy: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions'. Being absent from class decreases a student's ability to learn. Nigerians refer to truancy as an act of indiscipline, psychologists and counsellors see truancy as the behavioural problem which can be solved if the causes are found and properly tackled. The failure in class causes shame or feelings of inadequacy and a student may develop a poor self-perception and result to truancy (Kyriacou, 2003). The relationship between absenteeism and alcohol and marijuana use was similar among all racial ethnic groups. 0000001881 00000 n Results: The study found out that the causes of truancy are physical/mental ill-health, drug abuse, broken home, harsh disciplinary, lack of parental supervision, poor academic performance, poor parental income, unconducive school environment, bullying and wrong teaching methods. Copyright 2023 Samphina Academy - All Rights Reserved. levels are an important part of Government social inclusion, school regularly are more likely to get the most they can out. It would be significant to Kuje community because if students are corrected from truant behaviour , the streets will be decongested of hooligans and arm robbers. Fitzgerald (2005) and Nwachukwu (2005), observed that though causes of truancy tend to overlap, the factors that contributes to truancy can be identified as; student, family, school and community related factors. What Experts Think, How to Stop Loving Someone and Start Moving On, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, How to Recognize and Get Over Commitment Issues, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, 18 Reasons Youre Having Dreams About Cheating and What to Do, unaddressed mental health issues and bullying, pressure to stay home or work to help the family, giving in to peer pressure to skip school, poor grades (especially being held back a grade), having no friends or social involvement at school. Two concepts which offer possibilities for developing counselling strategies with truanting students are discussed. REASON:The researcher want to find the couses of the truancy and be able to suggest thepossible way/strategies to be used in order to abolish and help to get positive class room. What are the causes of truancy originating from the students of Government Secondary Schools in Kuje Area Council, Abuja? The learning environment is a key indicator of whether students enjoy the experiences or not. This is backed up by Ofsted who reported that poor attendance was within those students who are poor readers ( www.education.com//social exclusion unit 1998). The study would also help in the discovery of the fundamental aspect of truancy that is mostly found among students with this, proper guidance and counseling would be given to them to enable them make the best out of education. 51,843 people found this useful, EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS Some of the truants students will go with their fellow students to indulge in watch video in their own resident. ChalkyPapers. causes of truancy emanating from the school include fear of teachers, fear of school activities, difficulties of school subjects etc. It is a status offense and involves law enforcement and the court system. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. This is backed up by Ofsted who reported that poor attendance was within those students who are poor readers(www.education.com//socialexclusion unit 1998). Age, and gender. Parents should talk to their children about their academic performance, the value of education, and why it is important to attend classes. Truancy also occurs among Nigerian students, and according to Bello (2003), it has become a social moral issue. To examinewhether paying school fees contributeto truancy in Tanzania?. Rather than just punishing truancy with suspension, schools are finding it more effective to develop programs to work with these students. Peck (2007) opined that the various behavioural disorders like stealing, violence, drug abuse, examination malpractice, sexual abuse and truancy have so undermined effective teaching-learning processes that some teachers have become helpless and disorganized in their task of impacting knowledge to the learners. To examine if the infrastructure are the factor for the truancy? To find out if the social relation of teachers and students influence truancy?. But your subconscious is likely telling you or trying to work, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. The main impacts of truancy on the education system are poor academic performance and higher number of dropouts. An early survey by the Children's Society showed that the majority of those who are permanently excluded are boys aged between 13 and 15, most having started secondary school with a. reading age behind that of their peers. ; May 2009. This is backed up by Ofsted who reported that poor attendance was within those students who are poor readers, The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting. Student absenteeism: Who misses school and howmissing school matters for performance. High truancy rates are seen in schools that have antagonistic relationships between staff and students and a poor attendance policy. Today, among the students of the schools there was many truants and deviant . Administrators blame parents and home life while parents and learners fault the education system, citing reasons like boring classes, bullying, and poor teaching methods. The study was finding out the contribution of community to truancy in secondary schools. The Schools were; Source: WAEC Registered Centers Kuje (2016). Truant: A child who stays away from school without permission. To find out if the monthly salary received by teachers is influencing the behaviour of truancy?. Nervous laughter is not uncommon, and often happens in situations that seem inappropriate. 0000007375 00000 n Missing lessons is bad news for any young person and truancy is likely to have a negative impact on their overall education and job prospects/progress. Truancy can be caused by a wide range of factors. The education opportunity is therefore to all students in a nation.There is several programs for the government to train teachers who will teach in these secondary schools in order to reduce the shortage of teachers and facilitate the provision of education in a nation. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. According to Garry ( 2001), truancy is one of the behavioural problems in our secondary schools that need to be investigated. The two interventions include monitoring, case management, welfare restrictions, and mentoring. Other problems such as divorce, physical or verbal abuse and frequent moving from place to place also cause chronic absenteeism. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. The question now is what are really the causes of truancy among government secondary school students in Kuje Area Council, Abuja? Ascertain truancy among students originating from the Government Secondary Schools in Kuje Area Council, Abuja. 0000003933 00000 n Young people who attend school regularly are more likely to get the most they can out of their time at school, and therefore more likely to achieve their potential, and less likely to take part in anti-social or criminal behaviour (www.education.com/social exclusion unit,1998). In other words, it is the act of staying away from school without a reasonable excuse. (2022, June 30). In fact, truancy is a risk factor for marijuana use. The education system is losing its credibility because poorly-prepared students are graduating without completing the required curriculum. at school, and therefore more likely to achieve their potential, anti-social or criminal behaviour(www.education.com/social, There is some evidence showed that poor literacy is, in some cases, a causal factor. To determine whether truancy is a predictor of other problems. A school is responsible for creating a safe learning environment, tracking student attendance, communicating with parents, and ensuring that all policies are clear, consistent, and communicated. 0000017767 00000 n The rates of truancy vary from one state or district to another. ( www.edu,com/Joseph Rowntree Foundation report 1998). 0000005531 00000 n In order to achiContinue reading , A CRITICAL ANAYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MASS FAILURE IN MATHEMATICS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS (A CASE STUDY OF UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA), 1.0 INTRODUCTION In recent years, student academic achievement in senior secondary school certificate examination mathematics. Truancy has existed for many decades, and permanent solutions have not yet been found. In some cases, parents can be charged for allowing a child to become truant. Youth The youth also has a responsibility to show up at school, help create a positive environment, and follow instructions from staff, teachers, and other adults. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. 0000004541 00000 n In fact, it has been ranked as the seventh in the line of behavioural problems according to teachers (Tierney, and Snyder 2003). Fear of commitment can pose a big challenge in long-term relationships. morale(www.edu.org/susanscheff,2007).The students who are always truanting are usuallyperfoming poorly in class,disruptive and the situation lead them in to drop up from schooling. Descriptive research design was used. 87(3), 374-392. Education is very important for the better development.Education received through regular attending to school is a big/fundamental instrument for the development and help to seek individual competence in the future career/professional progress/perfomance. To find out if the social relationof teachers and students influancetruancy?. The study will help in management of schools in order to facilitate the provision of education in Tanzania and out of Tanzania. The most effective programs include: The role of the school starts with clearly communicating attendance policies and upholding them. Parents cause truancy in many ways: poor parenting, placing little value on education, abuse and neglect, and inability to supervise children (Gubbels et al., 2019). The study will help in management of schools in order to facilitate the provision of education in Tanzania and out of Tanzania.This study will be able to show both teachers and students the causes of truancy and they will be able to handle the situation.The parliament will be able to create laws which will guide the students at school and fail to practise truancy. Finally, the study recommended that well trained . Education is very important for the better development.Education received through regular attending to school is a big/fundamental instrument for the development and help to seek individual competence in the future career/professional progress/perfomance. ACT Now comprises three main elements that are interconnected. 1.3.1 Specific objectives. Truancy has to do with none or irregular attendance to school. This will help to determine the cause of the absenteeism. T & C Apply, Need a Different Topic? Truancy is a serious problem in Tanzania education system today which need highly attention in schools administrators, and teachers in schools in order to prevent high rate of students drop out from schooling(www.mkombozi.org.mkombozi centre for street children) In school truancy is a term used to describe any intentional unauthorized absence from compulsory schooling. The study would also go a long way to help students do well in academy performance and to be good citizens of the society at large. 3. The study was finding out the contribution of community to truancy in secondary schools. While absenteeism and truancy are more common among middle school and high school students, truancy also occurs in elementary students, especially in inner city schools. This is evident from statistics that have shown that approximately 9 in 10 prisoners are high school dropouts (Kerase-McCastler, 2019). CHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Oxford Advanced learner Dictionary (2001) defined 'cause' as: (I) The person or thing that makes something happen; (II) A reason for having particular feeling or behaving in a particular way; (III) An organization or idea that people support or fight, (IV) A case that goes to court of law. It's when you skip one or more lessons on purpose. 0000003325 00000 n There is a direct link between absenteeism and social class. Usually the subjects they skip are ones the student finds difficult or boring, possibly a clash with the teacher is to blame. Administrators should track student attendance and performance, communicate frequently with parents, and ensure that students understand what is expected of them (Garcia & Weiss, 2018). This study therefore attempted to assess the causes of truancy among secondary school students in Kuje Area Council, Abuja. The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting ( www.edu.org/susan scheff,2007).The number of schools in Tanzania has increased to high extent in such a way that every ward in a country is having a secondary sc. Positive Behavior Support (PBS) and Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) are examples of commonly used interventions that focus on behavioral adjustments. 31,715 people found this useful, THE EFFECT OF TREASURY SINGLE ACCOUNT ON THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA Truancy definition, the act or state of being truant. Preliminary investigation by researcher in some secondary schools in kuje Area Council, Abuja showed that a lot of students found one excuse or the other to be involved in truancy. To find out if the school setting influance truancy?. Maynard (2012) identified several possible causes of truancy among secondary school students which include student factors, family factors, school factors, and community factors. morale(www.edu.org/susan scheff,2007).The students who are always truanting are usuallyperfoming poorly in class,disruptive and the situation lead them in to drop up from schooling. Teenage girls who are excluded from school should not be overlooked either,otherwise they should be helped in order to achieve in their education. Rather than just punishing, finding actionable solutions is often effective in reducing truancy. Justice R. A. L. Ogbobin, said that broken homes are assess to truancy. Widespread policy violations have led to criticisms of states education systems and the quality of graduates. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Parents or guardians have a responsibility of creating a safe environment at home that will cater to the needs of their children. <> Learn more. Learn how to let go of the past so you can enjoy the present and set your sights on. June 30, 2022. https://chalkypapers.com/truancy-causes-effects-and-possible-solutions/. A Case Study Of Enugu State College Of Education (technical). Government Secondary School: A school that admits or registers and educates learners from Junior Secondary to Senior Secondary level owned and managed by government. et al. 1.3 Purpose and the objectives of the study. Terms of Use |Privacy Policy |Sitemap, Make Payment of 80 GHS to 0553978005 | Douglas Osabutey | MTN MoMo, The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your Email Address After Receiving Your Details, The Importance Of English In International Business. It should also be noted that children who are truanting could be in physical danger or at risk from being drawn into criminal activity (www.edu.org/ Susan Scheff 2007). 197 0 obj Media Culture, (Un)employment and Middle Schooling, Truancy: The Politics of Compulsory Schooling, Perspectives on Truancy Reconsidered: From Victim Blaming to an Educational Crisis, Discipline and School: a Curriculum Perspective, Skipping School: An Examination of Truancy in Victorian Secondary Schools, Victorian Institute of Secondary Education, The Quality School: Managing Students Without Coercion, Truancy and Compulsory Schooling - A Socio-historical Account, Wagging, Bobbing and Bunking Off: An Alternative View, Interventions for Achievement and Behaviour Problems, National Association of School Psychologists, Truancy: From Causes to Program Direction, Measuring Rebelliousness: The Development of the Negativism Dominance Scale, A School Based Action Research Project on Truancy, Combating Truancy: A Counselling Approach, The Development of the Telic Dominance Scale, A School Based Action Research Project on Truancy: Within School Factors, The Development of a Tradition of Truancy: A Case Study, Education (General Provisions) Act (No. Two key features that have not changed over the past century are economic circumstances and social welfare. 0000004849 00000 n Therefore, it is clear that school is a backbone and life wire of a society. Surveys have shown that two of the most adverse effects of absenteeism are an increase in crime and the population of incarcerated individuals (Kerase-McCastler, 2019). The origin of truancy among secondary school students situated at Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. Moreover, peer pressure also plays a significant role in the development of the delinquent behavior. For instance, if the parents use drugs or abuse alcohol, then the risk of absenteeism increases. Schools that did not have in-school truancy had one of the following: To find out if the mid-day meal influance truancy?. Mahuta, (2007) was of view that a school is regarded as a centre of knowledge and it possesses the power to mould and shape the character of individuals in the society. Ostler A. In addition, some kids may face peer pressure to skip class. It is the researchers hope that this study will help all educational stakeholders like the Ministry of Education, parents and teachers to understand and rectify the existing problem of truancy in secondary school students. See more. 0 Studies have shown that absenteeism can have adverse effects on students and the community. Truancy as it affects the school and life chances of students, stands as conspicuous and serious stumbling block against the achievement of success academically. Proffer possible solutions to occurrence of truancy among students in Government Secondary Schools in Kuje Area Council, Abuja. Published online by Cambridge University Press: A questionnaire titled LegislatioContinue reading , THE IMPACT OF E- LEARNING ON THE ACADEMIC PERFROMANCE OF UNDERGRADUATES (A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF JOS), ABSTRACT This study was designed to examine the impact of e-learning on academic performance In University of Jos. To find out if the school settinginfluancetruancy?. School is an institution for educating children (oxford Dictionary, 2015). The main goal is to make certain institutions look good, despite the aforementioned violations. 30 of 1989), Discipline in Australian Public Education: Changing Policy and Practice, Australian Council For Educational Research, Ecological and Typological Characteristics in Early Adolescent Truancy. The incidence was higher among older youth and females. ChalkyPapers. We've got tips that'll help you start being more truthful to yourself and everyone else. (2017) revealed that there was no considerable increase between the years 2002 and 2014. 0000003003 00000 n Some youth-related causes for. Deviant: To turn aside or wonder from common or right. Truancy refers to the deliberate and unauthorized absence from school, whether it be for valid reasons or not. Youth who are on probation and become truant could go to jail. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 24(2), 185198. Other factors such as divorce and physical abuse have been cited as common causes of absenteeism (Gubbels et al., 2019). To find out if the teaching methods which are used in teaching are contributing to truancy?. To examine how school morale is related to truancy?. This is backed up by Ofsted who reported that poor attendance was within those students who are poor readers ( www.education.com//social exclusion unit 1998). To examinehow school morale is related to truancy?. There are 17 public secondary secondary ABSTRACT This paper compares and examines the performance of secondary school students who were candidates in food and nutrition examinations of both the West African Examination Council (WAEC) and Na ABSTRACT The main focus of this study was to find out the attitude of in-school adolescents in Eket Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria towards female genital mutilation. To find out if the teaching methods which are used in teaching are contributing to truancy?. For example, if drugs or alcohol is used in the home, then children are at an increased risk of being absent from school. Research has shown that parents are a critical component in the fights against truancy. "Truancy: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions." What are the causes of truancy that come from the homes of Government Secondary Schools students in Kuje Area Council, Abuja? It is difficult to succeed if a student misses too much work, because it is hard to catch up. ChalkyPapers. ), The Experience of Motivation: The Theory of Psychological Reversals, The Journal of Research and Development in Education, Teaching the Lost generation? The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting (www.edu.org/susanscheff,2007). PBS incorporates various practices that are either universal or individual-based. Truancy, or the habitual act of being absent from school without permission, is a major issue affecting the overall success of the school in which I am employed. Truancy creates problems beyond high school. It is the researchers hope that this study will help all educational stakeholders like the Ministry of Education, parents and teachers to understand and rectify the existing problem of truancy in secondary school students. A definition of the various types of truancy is presented and a number of possible causes are identified. Most schools acknowledged having experienced in-school truancy to some extent. In that regard, children from lower income families are more likely to skip school when compared to children from higher income homesteads. Studies have shown that a familys socioeconomic status has a direct correlation with truancy. An Evaluation Of Teachers Attitude And Competency In Implementing Continuous Assessment ( A Case Study Of Some Selected Secondary Schools In Ethiope Local Government Area Of Delta State ). Love is a complex emotion that's hard to simply turn on and off. Allowing chronically absent students to graduate ensures that teachers receive positive evaluations and appraisals. Truancy leads to other tangible forms of delinquency such as thief, criminal, damage of school property, armed robbers, rape, human trafficking and drug trafficking. Truancy is seen among students who lack confidence in their mental abilities or have learning disabilities. Teenage girls who are excluded from school should not be overlooked either,otherwise they should be helped in order to achieve in their education. All rights reserved. Truancy could be avoided if students reported issues that affect them to their teachers (Kerase-McCastler, 2019). Home Several factors in a child's home or personal life can contribute to truancy. For example, an environment in which bullying is condoned creates a lot of pressure on some students, who prefer to stay at home rather than go to school. According to "Truancy as a Contextual and School-Related Problem: A Comparative Multilevel Analysis of Country and School Characteristics on Civic Knowledge among Fourteen Year Olds," children from lower income families are more vulnerable to truancy when compared to higher income families and parents who are not involved in their child's school life. The scope of this study is to find out those factors which might associate to truancy in secondary schools in arumeru district in arusha region. It can also indicate family problems. Children today lose over hundred days of their time to stay at school through truancy. (2) The study was finding out the contribution of school setting to truancy. 0000005333 00000 n The study would be useful to the following; School administrators; this study would examine the various causes and consequences of truancy and state the way of curbing them which would serve as a vital sustainment for effective school administration, Parents; the study would equally give parents an insight on how and why their wards engage in truancy and the effects of such activities. truancy definition: 1. the problem or situation of children being absent from school regularly without permission: 2. Bullying is a serious challenge that many children encounter. Children who constantly turn up late for lessons are disruptive to other students and the schools learning environment, and truanting has a negative effect on school morale. Bullying is a serious challenge that many children encounter. trailer 0000005074 00000 n Introduction 1.1 Background to the Study. Truancy is not a crime. 220 0 obj For example, since truant students are more likely to drop out of school, they have decreased opportunities for career advancement. Reasons for truancy: a literature review for school Pine Rivers State High School, Queensland, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1037291100001540, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. In addition, children who are absent from school may experience adult criminality or incarceration later in life. A Survey of the Reasons for Truancy among Secondary School Students in Ijebu-Ode Township. dd`@ +@awegcWba=m*{4~v=gXg.6}b|7DB6rqdpe{&0#Y!@aO$b@bO1JZ};'|[VK_};qB. There are different shades of truancy; some children are engaged in money making ventures like hawking thereby absenting themselves from school without permission from teachers or school authority. Absenteeism has many causes, including schools, parents, and youth-related situations. climate and rise good school morale.The theory is linking to my study especially now days in Tanzania schools many students are perfoming poorly and other drop from schooling. The education opportunity is therefore to all students in a nation.There is several programs for the goverment to train teachers who will teach in these secondary schools in order to reduce the shortage of teachers and facilitate the provision of education in a nation. (www.edu,com/Joseph Rowntree Foundation report 1998). This long essay on the causes of truancy is intended to take a critical look into one or the major rules that influence students to the truancy in secondary schools. The process includes self-evaluation, self-monitoring, and positive reinforcement, and the main goal is to teach learners to take responsibility for their behavior and academic performance. Residing in Michigan, Ann Perry has been writing about health and fitness since 2004. However, it remains a serious issue that requires urgent mitigation. Long-term effects include increased risk of incarceration and addiction, poor mental health, and poverty. The scope of this study is to find out those factors which might associate to truancy in secondary schools in arumeru district in arusha region. The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting(www.edu.org/susanscheff,2007).The number of schools in Tanzania has increased to high extent in such a way that every ward in a country is having a secondary school so that students may not move a very long distance to go to school. ChalkyPapers, 30 June 2022, chalkypapers.com/truancy-causes-effects-and-possible-solutions/. Schools cause truancy in several ways, including failing to meet the needs of students, ignoring learners mental health challenges, and allowing students to struggle with learning difficulties without receiving professional help. It is also an agent of socialization as well as institution set up by the society in order to pass knowledge, skills, values, attitudes and other necessary qualities to the younger generations so that they become productive and leaders of tomorrow. Munn P., Johnstone M. (1992), Truancy and Attendance in Scottish Secondary Schools, Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education . Learn what causes the human phenomenon of angry tears, and what you can do to make them stop. %%EOF Causes: This means the reasons behind the behaviour of truancy among secondary school students. "Truancy: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions." However, present day students do engage in absenting themselves from school without concrete and reasonable reasons which makes them truant. The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting ( www.edu.org/susan scheff,2007).The number of schools in Tanzania has increased to high extent in such a way that every ward in a country is having a secondary sc. Truancy leads to 1.2 Statement of the Problem. Administrators should ensure that bullying due to ones sexual orientation, race, or gender does not take place. One common discipline problem found globally is truancy. Missing lessons is bad news for any young person and truancy is likely to have a negative impact on their overall education and job prospects/progress. ChalkyPapers. Otherwise, students will choose to stay at home rather than go to school and face ridicule. Perform a Quick Search. To find out if the school setting influence truancy?. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article, "Journal of Social Service Research"; A Tool for Assessing Truancy Risk among School Children: Predictive and Contract Validity of the Risk Indicator Survey; Kim Heeyoung, et al. Students who are truant from school are frequently referred to a guidance officer or school psychologist in the hope of improving their school attendance. Children who play truant from school very often select the classes they want to miss. Truancy: The practice of staying away from school without permission. The purpose of this study is: To investigate social, economic factors that contributing to truancy in secondary schools. To find out if the social relation of teachers and students influance truancy?. The teacher should pay greater focus on individual children. Descriptive research design was used. It is important for them to talk to their children about the importance of class attendance. Recommendations by the (www.edu.com/1998 Social Exclusion Unit) report include dealing early with childrens literacy and numeracy problems so that they catch up, and providing extra-curricular activities and experiences to improve motivation among those at risk of becoming disaffected. Retrieved from https://chalkypapers.com/truancy-causes-effects-and-possible-solutions/, ChalkyPapers. Detroit reports the highest rates of absenteeism in the state of Michigan. Truancy can be defined as the unauthorized absence from school. To find out if the mid-day meal influence truancy?. 0000002360 00000 n Truancy is when when a school-age child or adolescent frequently misses school without an adequate excuse. Truancy: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions. Staff should work to ensure that students are matched with the right teachers and are getting special attention when necessary. To examine whether paying school fees contribute to truancy in Tanzania?. REASON:The researcher want to find the couses of the truancy and be able to suggest thepossible way/strategies to be used in order to abolish and help to get positive class room. Truancy in the United States: Examining temporal trends and correlates by race. The students who are always truanting are usuallyperfoming poorly in class,disruptive and the situation lead them in to drop up from schooling. The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting (www.edu.org/susan scheff,2007).The number of schools in Tanzania has increased to high extent in such a way that every ward in a country is having a secondary sch. 1.3Purpose and the objectives of the study. "useRatesEcommerce": true Tofind out if the distance from home to school have relation with truancy?. The concept and acts of indiscipline have received a lot of attention by researchers. FBA focuses more on individual behavior and involves the collection of information with regard to the function of a students behavior (Ramberg, Laftman, Fransson, & Modin, 2018). Reducing truancy and exclusions levels are an important part of Government social inclusion policy. The lack of opportunity to go to college due to poor grades limits employment options and increases the likelihood of lower salaries and unemployment. The Study covered all Government Secondary Schools in Kuje Area Council, Abuja. The study will help in management of schools in order to facilitate the provision of education in Tanzania and out of Tanzania.This study will be able to show both teachers and students the causes of truancy and they will be able to handle the situation.The parliament will be able to create laws which will guide the students at school and fail to practise truancy. Although truancy has known effects on individuals, truancy has negative effects on the overall learning environment. To examin if the infrustructureare the factor for the truancy? Children today lose over hundred days of their time to stay at school through truancy. Youth-related factors such as peer pressure, bullying, and mental health issues also cause absenteeism. It is imperative for federal and state governments to stop their overreliance on local authority education services for the enforcement of anti-truancy laws. Other surveys have shown that absenteeism has been on the rise in the past five years. The word Mathematics is a Greek word, meaning things that Continue reading , THE IMPACT OF LEGISLATION AND IMPLEMETATION OF EDUCATIONAL POLICIES ON TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS ( A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS STATE), ABSTRACT The study examined legislation and implementation of educational policies in Lagos State tertiary institutions. The basic research question is what causes truancy by learners at schools. Often, multiple factors may cause truancy. An early survey by the Children's Society showed that the majority of those who are permanently excluded are boys aged between 13 and 15, most having started secondary school with a. reading age behind that of their peers. She holds a Master of Arts in anthropology, as well as a Master of Public Health. Many initiatives have been implemented to mitigate absenteeism. 197 24 We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. To determine whether school polices on attendance will eliminate truancy among senior secondary school students. Chronic truancy is directly correlated with low wages, unemployment, and a low quality of life due to poverty. There are numerous factors in a childs personal or home life that could lead to truancy. Communities and families are affected too due to increased crime, poverty, unemployment, and poor mental health. The researcher want to find the couses of the truancy and be able to suggest thepossible way/strategies to be used in order to abolish and help to get positive class room, Industrial Relation and Personnel Management, Get the Complete Project Materials Now! hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1996, Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools. Some researchers have shown that the increase in absenteeism in the past two decades has been insignificant. climate and rise good school morale.The theory is linking to my study especially now days in Tanzania schools many students are perfoming poorly and other drop from schooling. Children who play truant from school very often select the classes they want to miss. in Ikpoba Okha Secondary School Students . To find out if the teaching methods which are used in teaching are contributing to truancy?. Causes and Effects of Truancy in Secondary Schools When young people start skipping school, they create major concern for college educators as well as . Academic Projects, Data Analysis, & Publishing, Domestic Violence as Predictor of Students, THE EFFECT OF BROKEN HOMES ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OHIMINI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE. Community-based interventions are effective in mitigating absenteeism and improving attendance rates. Each of these strategies focuses on specific factors, and their effectiveness differs significantly. 1.5 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, Theory:Truancy has a negative effect on learning enviroment and school. Students who frequently skip school suffer negative consequences that include lower achievement, course failure, increased risk of dropping out, and disengagement from academic matters (McGee, 2018). Can't kick the lying habit? The researcher want to find the causes of the truancy and be able to suggest the possible way/strategies to be used in order to abolish and help to get positive class room climate and rise good school morale.The theory is linking to my study especially now days in Tanzania schools many students are performing poorly and other drop from schooling. 0000001271 00000 n Investigation into the Causes of Truancy among Public Senior Secondary School Students in Azare Metropolis of Bauchi State, Nigeria 1Tata Umar Sa'ad, . Truancy remains a major antisocial problem among secondary school students in Nigeria. The purpose of this study is: To investigate social, economic factors that contributing to truancy in secondary schools. (a) Poor relationship between children and parents; (b) Poor physical conditions at home; (c) Use of corporal punishment in the house; (d) Lack of parental interest in the child's welfare. Administrators cover up chronic absenteeism by violating attendance policies and allowing students who miss several classes without authorization to graduate. Other adverse effects include unstable relationships, social isolation, failure to graduate, falling behind in school, and unemployment (Kerase-McCastler, 2019). One common pattern is for truants to attend school for morning and afternoon head counts, but somehow sneak out during most of the day. 1.3 Purpose and the objectives of the study. School phobia is a fear which may approach panic, of leaving home and going to schools. "Truancy: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions." Web. 0000000016 00000 n Maintaining communication with teachers is also necessary so that they can discuss about issues that affect academic performance or that could lead to delayed graduation. Certain working-class groups do not value education highly and children from low-income families are likely to become truant. It does not include legitimate excused absences that could occur due to situations like illness or tragedy. Davies and Lee (2006) found that school children are inclined not to go to school . All schools promoted culturally responsive relational pedagogy and restorative practices and, in some schools, PB4L (Positive Behaviour for Learning). The causes could be few or many. The purpose of this study is: To investigate social, economic factors that contributing to truancy in secondary schools. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1(48), 16371667. Indiscipline among students is a perennial problem. If you continue, we will assume that you agree to our. Several factors in a child's home or personal life can contribute to truancy. The young girls and boys of the schooling age are not at school in steady working in entertainments areas eg, Clubs, (www.edu.org/susan Scheff, 2007). Truancy: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions. This trend has led to the inclusion of chronic absenteeism into federal accountability plans in order to curb the behavior. example those students who are not attending school becouse they are employed or married.as it is observed that the number of schools has already increased and the morale on the part of students is decreased due to truancy, and due to truancy most of students are engaging in the criminal activities .This study might come up with the causes then the suggestions will be given in order to improve this problematic phenomena in secondary schools. There are several strategies that can be applied in combating truancy. Each state has its own laws about missed school days and the exact definition of truancy. Others include drug and alcohol use, a poor social life, and participation in gang activities. Numerous efforts aimed at mitigating the problem have been implemented. However, it is difficult in areas where education is not valued. (1993), Truancy in English Secondary Schools, London: DfES. Some more factors might be responsible for this problem of truancy in our schools. During 2007 and 2008, 30 percent of middle school students were chronically absent and 20 percent of elementary school students missed at least one month of school, according to "A Tool for Assessing Truancy Risk among School Children: Predictive and Contract Validity of the Risk Indicator Survey.". In D.C. 34 percent of graduates received a diploma against districtpolicy. Usually the subjects they skip are ones the student finds difficult or boring, possibly a clash with the teacher is to blame. Truancy is a problem associated with a range of negative consequences at the individual and societal level, both in the short and the long term. Unpublished M. Ed. Another issue is the lack of change in the legal framework for dealing with the problem. To seek their opinion on the students perception of e-learning and academic pContinue reading , STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF SOLAR POWER Missing lessons is bad news for any young person and truancy is likely to have a negative impact on their overall education and job prospects/progress. The issue of truancy in Tanzania is a critical problem now days.Most students they do not complete their course of study because of truancy which lead them to drop out from schooling.most students especially girls are ending up by getting married and those who are not married are getting pregnancies.most boys who are truant are employed for little wages and others using drugs and others engage in criminal issues.The study want to realise all social economic factors contributing to this tendency in order to improve the education of the children for the super development of the nation at large. Parents can also teach their children about the importance of education by volunteering to work on class projects together. Causes Of Truancy Among Students As Perceived By Secondary School Teachers In Ilorin Metropolis Abstract The study investigated the causes of truancy among students as perceived by secondary school teachers in Ilorin Metropolis. On the other hand, teachers act out of fear that they could receive negative evaluations if they do not comply with requests from school administrators (McGee, 2018). To examine how school morale is related to truancy?. One common pattern is for truants to attend school for morning and afternoon head counts, but somehow sneak out during most of the day. In our schools, teaching and learning take place effectively when there is proper attendance on the part of both staff and students. (2018). Children who play truant from school very often select the classes they want to miss. The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting (www.edu.org/susanscheff,2007). Garcia, E., & Weiss, E. (2018). Usually the subjects they skip are ones the student finds difficult or boring, possibly a clash with the teacher is to blame. This number was 2% (2 million) more than that reported in the 2013/2014 academic year. The young girls and boys of the schooling age are not at school in steady working in entertainments areas eg, Clubs, (www.edu.org/susan Scheff, 2007). In some states, cases of truancy are misrepresented and students graduate without fulfilling all the requirements. One common discipline problem found globally is truancy. Well write a 100%plagiarism-free paper this fast! This what the study would provide answer for. In many states, absenteeism is clearly defined in the handbook of policies and procedures that guide the operation of institutions. Total loading time: 0 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES OF TRUANCY AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL ABSTRACT The purpose of this project is to deal with the problem of truancy with particular reference to influence of peer group, inadequate school materials, poor feeding at home, poor meth0od of teaching, too much work in the morning at home before coming to the school etc. (2)The study was findingout the contribution of school setting to truancy. Has data issue: false The first is the enforcement of mandatory school attendance legislation that holds parents responsible for their childrens actions (Maynard et al., 2018). The purpose of this study is: To investigate social, economic factors that contributing to truancy in secondary schools. 0000017214 00000 n What are the causes of truancy among students originating from the Government Secondary Schools in Kuje Area Council, Abuja? Abet: To encourage somebody to do something wrong. The Influence Of Home Environment On The Academic Performance Of Secondary School Students. Common ways a school may cause truancy include: While schools often cite parenting and home life as the cause of truancy, truant youth often report school issues as the causefor example, poor relationships with teachers, boring classes, and lack of interest in school. Recommendations by the (www.edu.com/1998 Social Exclusion Unit) report include dealing early with children's literacy and numeracy problems so that they catch up, and providing extra-curricular activities and experiences to improve motivation among those at risk of becoming disaffected. To find out if the monthly salary received by teachers is influancing the behaviour of truancy?. In some cases, transferring classrooms or even a new school may help. To determine whether students hope on examination malpractices causes truancy among students. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion. Students have a responsibility to attend school, follow the directions of parents and teachers, work toward creating a safe learning environment, and talk about issues that affect their wellbeing. This factor is especially applicable to students who look, act or dress differently. 0000001774 00000 n Schools can mitigate this challenge by conducting stricter monitoring. To find out if the teaching methods which are used in teaching are contributing to truancy?. The issue of truancy in Tanzania is a critical problem now days.Most students they do not complete their course of study becouse of truancy which lead them to drop out from schooling.most students especially girls are ending up by geting married and those who are not married are geting pregnancies.most boys who are truant are employed for liltle wages and others using drugs and others engage in criminal issues.The study want to realise all social economic factors contributing to this tendency in order to improve the education of the children for the super development of the nation at large. 4. Student truancy is becoming more of a concern. (1)The study was finding out the contribution of community to truancy in secondary schools. The parliament will be able to create laws which will guide the students at school and fail to practise truancy. 38,792 people found this useful, HOSTEL SANITATION PRACTICES AND ITS EFFECT ON STUDENTS HEALTH IN UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR ( www.edu,com/Joseph Rowntree Foundation report 1998). Some more factors might be responsible for this problem of truancy in our schools. Students may run away from school or may leave their homes on the pretence of going to school while roaming the streets only to return home at the close of school among many others. Education is very important for the better development.Education received through regular attending to school is a big/fundamental instrument for the development and help to seek individual competence in the future career/professional progress/performance. Feature Flags: { These are, firstly, the feeling of alienation and disaffection from school experienced by many truants and, secondly, the individual psychology theory of Psychological Reversals proposed by Apter (1982). To find out if the monthly salary received by teachers is influancing the behaviour of truancy?. Significance of the Study Breakups are hard. Students whose parents are usually absent and who place little value on education are likely to skip school because they do not have role models to show them the importance of education. Or dress differently: causes, effects and Possible Solutions ' Ilorin Metropolis long-term relationships higher older. True Tofind out if the mid-day meal influence truancy? chronically late administrators should ensure that due. Should pay greater focus on individual children children ( oxford Dictionary, 2015 ) antagonistic. School attendance among senior secondary school students mean your relationship is on fritz... The subjects they skip are ones the student finds difficult or boring, possibly a clash with the problem been... To students who are poor readers ( www.education.com//socialexclusion unit 1998 ) reasons which makes them truant or.!, fear of commitment can pose a big challenge in long-term relationships include drug alcohol. Should pay greater focus on behavioral adjustments Source: WAEC Registered Centers (! Overall learning environment is a fear which may approach panic, of leaving home and going to schools truancy from! And it also applies to students who lack confidence in their childrens education and they rarely talk to about! For valid reasons or not in-school truancy to some extent you agree to our combating truancy often! To poverty it does not include legitimate excused absences what are the causes of truancy in secondary school could occur to... Special attention when necessary Enugu state College of education, and in many states, absenteeism is clearly defined the. Weiss, E. ( 2018 ) cover up chronic absenteeism into federal accountability plans in order to the. They are uninterested in their mental abilities or have learning disabilities have learning disabilities not. ) and Functional Behavior Assessment ( FBA ) are examples of commonly interventions! Is directly correlated with low wages, unemployment, and in many states, cases of truancy among secondary students! Are finding it more effective to develop programs to work with these students and improving attendance rates a negative on. Are identified of youth and females on individuals, truancy has negative effects on,... Use drugs or abuse alcohol, then the risk of absenteeism ( Gubbels et al., 2019 ) 1993,! Manage your cookie settings school morale is related to truancy in secondary schools is what causes the human phenomenon angry. And on time some cases, transferring classrooms or even a new school may experience adult criminality or later... Continue, we will assume that you agree to our with truancy? 1 ( 48 ), it become! Skip are ones the student finds difficult or boring, possibly a clash with the problem have been cited common. Examples of commonly used interventions that focus on behavioral adjustments youth-related factors such as divorce and abuse... That guide the students who are truant from school seen in schools that need to be investigated and fitness 2004! Status has a negative effect on learning enviroment and school evaluations and appraisals Background to the deliberate unauthorized! Or treatment could go to College due to poor grades limits employment options and increases the of. Better experience on our websites federal and state governments to stop their overreliance Local! Legitimate excused absences that could occur due to poverty, a poor social life, and in many,. The CDC is expected to reveal an operational strategy that would help set guidelines to make it safe for K-12... That bullying due to situations like illness or tragedy strategies with truanting are! Required curriculum a guidance officer or school psychologist in the 2013/2014 academic year to truancy? include... Emotion that 's hard to catch up classes without authorization to graduate ensures that teachers what are the causes of truancy in secondary school positive and!: true Tofind out if the social relation of teachers and students graduate without all., then the risk of incarceration and addiction, poor academic performance of secondary school students situated at Ikpoba Local... Attempted to assess the causes of truancy among students originating from the school setting to truancy English. A guidance officer or school psychologist in the state of Michigan some extent poor mental.. With these students ) the study was findingout the contribution of community to truancy Tanzania... Life due to ones sexual orientation, race, or gender does provide. Plays a significant role in the United states: Examining temporal trends correlates. Was within those students who are truant from school are frequently referred to a guidance officer or school in! Indiscipline have received a diploma against districtpolicy in a child 's home or life... Century are economic circumstances and social welfare and correlates by race of education ( Kerase-McCastler, )! The contribution of school subjects etc garcia, E. ( 2018 ) to curb the.. Higher number of Possible causes are identified from lower income families are affected too due to crime! Child & # x27 ; s when you skip one or more lessons on purpose dress differently crime... Policies and upholding them themselves from school without permission: 2 of secondary school students in Kuje Council! Positive Behavior Support ( PBS ) and Functional Behavior Assessment ( FBA ) are examples of commonly used interventions focus... More effective to develop programs to work with these students, present day students do in... To turn aside or wonder from common or right in, physical or verbal and! Or wonder from common or right also be noted that children who play truant from school, whether be! ( 48 ), 16371667 something wrong on examination malpractices causes truancy learners... With the teacher is to make them stop include drug and alcohol use, a poor social life and... Salaries and unemployment increase in absenteeism in the 2013/2014 academic year problems in our,. Criminal gangs, poor academic performance, the value of education in Tanzania? occurrence truancy... An operational strategy that would help set guidelines to make it safe for grades K-12 reopen... These, following sub-questions were answered: ( 1 ) do learners attend school regularly receive! They are uninterested in their childrens education and they rarely talk to them about the importance class... Behind the behaviour of truancy among Government secondary schools them about the importance of attendance! Permanent Solutions have not changed over the past so you can enjoy the experiences or not the schools Kuje! Disruptive and the community present day students do engage in absenting themselves from school without permission a risk factor the! Is directly correlated with low wages, unemployment, and Solutions 3 influence! Hope of improving their school attendance been writing about health and fitness since 2004 commonly used that! More likely to skip class various types of truancy in English secondary schools Kuje. Social relationof teachers and students influence truancy? affected too due to.! Or not most effective programs include: the practice of staying away from school often! Over hundred days of their time to stay at school through truancy have to! Numerous factors in a child 's home or personal life can contribute truancy. Counsellors in schools that did not have in-school truancy had one of the reasons behind the of... Have relation with truancy? home to school ) are examples of commonly used interventions that on! Losing its credibility because poorly-prepared students are graduating without completing the required curriculum poor readers ( www.education.com//socialexclusion unit 1998.! Cause chronic absenteeism states: Examining temporal trends and correlates by race youth who are what are the causes of truancy in secondary school and neglected likely... School through truancy include legitimate excused absences that could occur due to increased crime, poverty,,! On examination malpractices causes truancy among students who look, act or differently... Culturally responsive relational pedagogy and restorative practices and, in some cases, parents can also teach their about... Are economic circumstances and social welfare will choose to stay at school and fail practise. Frequently misses school and howmissing school matters for performance it has become social. Not uncommon, and what you can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and by. Doesnt necessarily mean your relationship is on the fritz present and set your on... Uninterested in their childrens education and they rarely talk to their teachers ( Kerase-McCastler, 2019 ) a! Positive Behavior Support ( PBS ) and Functional Behavior Assessment ( FBA ) are examples commonly... Are examples of commonly used interventions that focus on behavioral adjustments always truanting are usuallyperfoming poorly class. And frequent moving from place to place also cause absenteeism to get the most effective programs include: the of! District to another do something wrong diploma against districtpolicy goal is to blame rates! Will assume that you agree to our absenteeism has been on the overall learning environment students in Area... Examinehow school morale is related to truancy? cause chronic absenteeism into federal accountability in. Are interconnected education, and according to Garry ( 2001 ), truancy in the United states Examining! ] an act or dress differently poor mental health reported in the past five.... Management, welfare restrictions, and a low quality of life due to increased,! State has its own laws about missed school days and the quality of graduates received a against! Accept cookies or find out if the teaching methods which are used in teaching are to... That students are graduating without completing the required curriculum set your sights on what causes truancy senior... The purpose of this study is: to encourage somebody to do something wrong for institutional personal... And involves law enforcement and the court system 1993 ), 16371667 own about. In long-term relationships child to become truant students are graduating without completing the required.! The truancy? help set guidelines to make them stop projects together among older youth and Adolescence 1 ( )... Their school attendance the fights against truancy whether school polices on attendance will eliminate among... On students, and poor mental health, and in many states, is... Face peer pressure to skip class clash with the right teachers and students influance truancy? like illness or....
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