They should be conceptualized as different aspects of the self-concept. Instead, I now keep my favorite photos in various albums on my phone, and when friends and family asked, I showed them the pictures of the beignets I ate in New Orleans or the sleek jumpsuit I wore to my cousins wedding. The site is secure. I was really trying to not hate people in this book because I was trying to see all sides of the story, but Mohit pissed me off sometimes. Relevant to the present study is the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (49), which is a comprehensive model of factors influencing internet use/overuse. Despite being in constant communication with people, I had never been more alone. FoMO was positively associated with PSMU ( = 0.322, SE = 0.049, t = 6.61, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.22, 0.42]) and PSU ( = 0.335, SE = 0.048, t = 7.04, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.24, 0.42]), respectively. rewire our brains to constantly seek immediate gratification. She decides to go on a road trip with her best . Therefore, FoMO appears to be a strong motivator underlying PSMU. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the FOMO is defined as "a Moreover, when controlling for FoMO, the effect between some personality traits (e.g., extraversion, and neuroticism), and PSMU no longer becomes significant because only FoMO predicts PSMU. Gender (0 = male, 1 = female) is point serial correlation (rpb). Studies have shown that likes and comments create rushes of dopamine that give users a high, which is especially dangerous for teenagers because it can rewire our brains to constantly seek immediate gratification. When I started the challenge, it was difficult at first to resist the muscle memory of opening the apps. And then my grandma died, which was horrible and left me reading as much as possible to try to distract myself. While I have no regrets about this cleanse so far, I definitely lost contact with a lot of people. I literally was sobbing, the ending was so beautiful and powerful and was absolutely perfect. I was also not going to be using TikTok, but I had already deleted it about six months before starting the break, after realizing how much of a distraction it had become in my life. We also made a bet that the first person to lose owed the other person a sushi dinner, which was excellent motivation because we are both way too stubborn to pay. The only significant effect was the relationship between interdependent self and PSMU, which was partially mediated by FoMO. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. For instance, social comparison can be evaluated as a mediator in this relationship. Abstract. It involves a deep sense of envy and affects self-esteem . Overall, the present results suggest that interdependent self-construal was positively related to FoMO, which in turn was associated with greater PSMU and PSU (40). The apprehension that others might be having gratifying experiences from which an individual is absent seems to be one of the contributory factors in PSMU, driven by the need to get in touch with others, mainly when individuals use social media applications to socially interact. Personal factors, for example, include genetic and biological influences, psychopathology, personality, cognitions, and use motives. Canale N, Moretta T, Pancani L, Buodo G, Vieno A, Dalmaso M, et al.. Test of the pathway model of problematic smartphone use. Consequently, individuals with a salient interdependent self, compared to those with a salient independent self, may experience higher levels of FoMO. I was so sad because the premise was so good and it started great. The independent self-construal ( = 0.64) and interdependent self-construal ( = 0.65) subscales in the present study demonstrated lower than desired reliabilities (55). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Study 3: affective and behavioral correlates of FoMO. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. In the past, each trip had dedicated Instagram posts that captured the highlights of my adventures. It might not be John Green The Fault in Our Stars sob-worthy, but it comes close. New survey finds social media users experience FOODMO, fear of missing out on food trends. Additionally, a cross-sectional study indicated that FoMO is more important than other variables (e.g., avoidant attachment and anxiety) in predicting PSMU (48). I should not have read this a week after my grandmother died from cancer. Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Additionally, according to Marengo et al. This view avoids categorizing individuals as having either an independent self or interdependent self, rather individuals should be described as having a salient interdependent or independent self-construal (27, 29). Open access Research article First published online October 21, 2020 Social Media and Fear of Missing Out in Adolescents: The Role of Family Characteristics Noor Bloemen and David De Coninck https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-266X View all authors and affiliations All Articles https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120965517 PDF / ePub More Similar articles: According to Dogan (30) when a person develops a self-concept of which other individuals are a part, a person will be more inclined to wonder about what others are doing. Individuals with a salient independent self, usually, feel less connected to others, since they do not expect to receive social approval (i.e., likes and positive remarks from their friends). Therefore, the associations between self-construal, PSMU, and PSU may be mediated by FoMO. This, in turn, may cause them to lose their sense of identity and to struggle with low self-esteem. Fear of Missing Out by Kate McGovern is a stand alone YA Contemporary about a girl with a brain tumor called an astrocytoma and her struggle to be able to control just one thing in her life. Can We Reduce Social Comparison and Fear of Missing Out with Labels on Instagram? They go to her dads house out in basically the middle of nowhere. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: an interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model. Moreover, they were also allowed to withdraw their data from the study at any stage. In a recent cross-cultural study the alpha coefficients for the independent and interdependent subscales of the Self-Construal Scale were different with low values for the Western group like those in the present study (62). Hard to put down at times. Envy and problematic smartphone use: the mediating role of FOMO and the moderating role of student-student relationship, Cultures and selves: a cycle of mutual constitution, Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators between emotional support from social media and phubbing behavior, A network analysis approach to the relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO), smartphone addiction, and social networking site use among a sample of Chinese university students. Zsido AN, Arato N, Lang A, Labadi B, Stecina D, Bandi SA. The seizures get longer and worse each time. Well see what this summer brings, likely a mix of challenges as I navigate a full-time internship, studying abroad and limited connection to my college friends as they embark on their own plans. The results of a recent meta-analysis indicated the presence of robust associations between PSU and high levels of neuroticism and lower levels of conscientiousness [(16), for a review]. Identifying commonalities and differences in personality characteristics of Internet and social media addiction profiles: traits, self-esteem, and self-construal. If I wanted to stay on these apps all day, there was always another rabbit hole. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. My mental health improved when I came to college, but heres the thing: the nature of these apps hasnt. Wang P, Zhao M, Wang X, Xie X, Wang Y, Lei L. Peer relationship and adolescent smartphone addiction: the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of the need to belong, Modelling the contribution of metacognitions and expectancies to problematic smartphone use. But what if the life she wants to savor is passing her by every day even while she's trying to figure out her next steps. First, although path analysis was used to test the study's hypotheses, the study was correlational. Approval for the study was provided by the Ethics Committee of the University of Calabria (Prot. Personal Individ Differ. Intervention and prevention programs could focus on helping smartphone and social media users engage in more physical activities and develop offline social networks focusing on face-to-face interactions rather than through technology-mediated environments such as social media platforms (9). In order to learn more and seize control of her life Astrid, her boyfriend Mohit and her best friend Chloe go on a life changing road trip to the cryopreservation research center. I hope his mom takes care of him and doesnt melt down. This is how my life changed. The .gov means its official. Monacis L, de Palo V, Griffiths MD, Sinatra M. Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen social media addiction scale, The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: findings from a large national survey, Italian validation of smartphone addiction scale short version for adolescents and young adults (SAS-SV). If I had spent sylly week (the first week of classes, short for syllabus week), looking at every fun moment I was missing at school, my loneliness would have stung more. But I found communities on these apps that fueled my need for conversation. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Billieux J, Maurage P, Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Furthermore, the extant literature has demonstrated that FoMO can mediate psychological variables (i.e., depression, envy) and PSU (3, 41). The scale's reliability in the present study was very good ( = 0.80). However, no significant association was found between independent self and PSU. Previous findings on self-construal have demonstrated that it is an influential psychological variable that affects human technologies interaction as well as social media use (30). The interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. On the contrary, interdependent self-construal was significantly and positively associated with FoMO, PSU, and PSMU. This way, when I want to sit on my phone and do nothing, I do. I used social media constantly in high school, but especially during the covid-19 pandemic. As aforementioned, self-construal theory proposes self-independent and interdependent dimensions. Individuals with independent self-construal evaluate themselves not in the context of others, such as family members, co-workers or colleagues, but are more self-contained and autonomous (27). Indeed, some individuals might have an independent self or an interdependent self that is more salient (25). The results indicated that individuals with high interdependent self were more likely to have high levels of PSU. Among these risk factors, it was found that individuals with a large social network may spend more time on smartphones than others to maintain relationships, increasing the risk of PSU over time. I quit social media in college. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Years later, she got married there. Problematic smartphone use (PSU) and problematic social media use (PSMU) are two interrelated constructs which have received significant research attention over the past decade. The six scale items (e.g., How often during the last year have you tried to cut down on the use of social media without success?) each reflect core addiction elements [i.e., salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse; (51)] and are rated on a five-point scale from 1 (very rarely) to 5 (very often). Indeed, individuals with salient interdependent self-construal evaluate other individuals around them as a part of their identities (42) and will be more worried about what other individuals around them are doing, especially when they are included in online social groups. This blackout had a rocky start when it forced me to face my reality head-on. Results also suggested that FoMO may account for the previously established relationship not only between self-construal and PSMU but mainly for PSU. So, every time I wanted to open one, I would either journal or text someone instead. Furthermore, a growing number of studies indicate that FoMO is positively and significantly associated with both PSMU and PSU (4547). Therefore, individuals should focus on personal autonomy to refrain from experiencing the FoMO, which should protect them from the negative consequences of the FoMO because it eases the awareness of the experience that the individual is missing out (30, 63). Burcu Teke received her Ph.D. in traffic and transportation psychology at the Middle East Technical University (METU).Dr. Scores range from 10 to 50 with higher total scores indicating a higher level of FoMO. Dr. Teke's main research area is applied social psychology and she is the founder of Applied Social . Handbook of theories of social psychology, Interdependent and independent self-construal, Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Why do people experience the fear of missing out (FoMO)? FoMO can become problematic, leading to anxiety, interrupted sleep, lack of concentration and dependence on social media to generate gratification. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Opinion U.S. surgeon general: I am concerned about social media and youth mental health. Astrids almost in her final year of high school, but thats something shes not focusing on at all. Consequently, they might experience FoMO due to the perceived disconnect with other individuals around them. He inspired people to be stand-in parents at gay weddings. Analyzing the links between problematic social media use, dark triad traits, and self-esteem, Social media use in lectures mediates the relationship between procrastination and problematic smartphone use. I am certain if I had access to Instagram and Snapchat, they would have lured me out of the moment I was living in. I developed an obsession with the way I was perceived online and spent entire days, weeks, months, on my phone. This book was hard. Astrid Ayeroff, the main character, was a 16-year-old girl from Boston who had a reoccurring brain tumor called an Astrocytoma. It was hypothesized that individuals with higher levels of interdependent self-construal would experience feelings of FoMO (H1), and in turn would be more at risk of PSMU and PSU (H2) both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of FoMO (H3). Dempsey AE, O'Brien KD, Tiamiyu MF, Elhai JD. Another issue was the constant overwhelming sensation that theres always more to look at Instagram pictures of a friends vacation, trending videos on TikTok, a recap of an influencers day on Snapchat. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wlfling K, Potenza MN. A lot of people have serious FOODMO. In summary, the present study contributes to the literature by testing a mediation model which offers an understanding of the relationships between self-construal, PSMU and PSU, via the mediating role of the FoMO. The chance of waking up some time in the future when theres a cure available for her tumor is appealing. Elhai JD, Yang H, Fang J, Bai X, Hall BJ. The results indicated that interdependent self-construal could work as a risk factor mainly for PSMU rather than PSU. When individuals use social media via smartphone applications to satisfy their psychological needs, FoMO will be more salient and the risk of developing an addiction to PSMU, and PSU is higher. Future studies should examine the proposed research model by considering the cultural-related and individual differences, for instance, between Asian and Western individuals. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationships between self-construal, PSMU, and PSU, with FoMO as a mediating variable. Dark personality traits and problematic smartphone use: the mediating role of fearful attachment, Dark triad of personality and problematic smartphone use: a preliminary study on the mediating role of fear of missing out, Fear of missing out and self-esteem as mediators of the relationship between maximization and problematic smartphone use. I immediately texted Bridgette notifying her of this decision. Jenna Bloom is a journalism student at the University of Maryland. Knowing the thoughts of Astrid added a sort of intimacy as if you were reading her diary. For example, a recent study demonstrated that FoMO mediated the relationship between maximization (a personality trait that describes individual differences in the general tendency of striving to make the best choice) and PSU (13). Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients between study variables. The scale items (e.g., I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me) are rated on a five-point scale from 1 (not at all true of me) to 5 (extremely true of me). Scrolling was a safety net. If I could give this 0 stars then I would. "Defined as a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent, FoMO is characterized by the desire to stay continually connected with what others are doing. Age was negatively associated with FoMO ( = 0.173, SE = 0.048, t = 3.60, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.26, 0.07]) and PSMU ( = 0.138, SE = 0.040, t = 3.49, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.22,0.06]), respectively. I wanted to face my deepest fear, so I suited up and flew to the Arctic. In that time she dedicated herself to science and understands what is happening far too well than anyone her age ever should. Therefore, these findings are important for designing intervention and prevention programs. Overall I recommend this book but stick with it. Additionally, social media use is one of the most predominant activities engaged in on smartphones (21, 22), and use of social media is considered a vulnerability factor in developing PSU (23, 24). We sang along to classic rock and made plans for our trip. Its relevance to social media and media in general is discussed with an . It has been associated with daily-life disruptions, such as distractions during driving. As people consume large amounts of social media posts and tweets, they start to compare themselves physically and socially. The items (e.g., I have used my smartphone longer than I had intended) are rated on a six-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Methods FoMO has also consistently been a predictor of Internet, smartphone, and social networks use disorders. Her best friend Chloe suggests crowdfunding with unforeseen consequences. Therefore, investigating whether or not self-construal affects PSU is one of the objectives of the present paper. The apps encourage us to compare ourselves to others, a losing game every time. It is about a teenage girl Astrid who learns her cancer is back after two years of treatment. Additionally, there was no significant association between interdependent self and PSU ( = 0.094, SE = 0.049, t = 1.91, p = 0.056, 95% CI [0.15, 0.04]). The contradicting feelings of all of the characters add a dramatic dynamic to the story that makes you want to keep reading. This was such a beautifully written book! Subsequently, Singelis (26) conceptualized self-construal as a constellation of thoughts, feelings, and actions concerning one's relationship to others, and the self as distinct to others (p. 581). Social media became my form of expression. Last year, my best friend Bridgette and I started journaling, and it led me to reevaluate how I used social media why share my every thought online when I can write them down instead? Fear of Missing Out is great realistic fiction that looks closely at death and decisions surrounding it. Now it feels good to know when Im done; theres not more to look at. New twist on the dying teen genre. Smartphones with internet access provide constant availability to social media applications and provides immediate access for individuals to check their notifications, especially among those with lower self-control, which may result in PSU and PSMU [see (7, 24), for a review]. Therefore, it was hypothesized that FoMO would mediate the predictive effect of self-construal on PSMU and PSU (H3). I really like this book, but I just want to know did Astrid die? Therefore, FoMO is not only an outcome that is affected by self-construal but also an internal motivation of PSMU and PSU behavior. One concept that has been linked to problematic social media use is FOMO, or " fear of missing out." FOMO describes the nagging feeling that other people may be experiencing something fun. Im a 19-year-old college student, and Ive known for a while that I am unable to be a moderate social media user. Therefore, all the correlations values between the constructs were significant and satisfied the conditions for performing the mediation analysis. I liked her dad. A recent study conducted by Canale et al. However, it is recommended that further studies replicate the proposed model by including other psychological constructs. ZD, MG, and BK: reviewed and improved subsequent drafts of the paper. 1 March 2017 Nine students took on the challenge - but how many of them lasted the whole week? Moreover, in their research on private university students in Lebanon, Hawi and Samaha (34) found that only independent self-construal was a significant and negative predictor of PSMU. These concepts rule the lives of billions of people around the world without even realizing it from time to time. It has been indicated that social media use and FoMO have a reciprocal relationship, and FoMO drives PSMU to fulfill individual psychological needs of belongingness, consequently reinforcing the risk of PSU because social media applications are mainly used by individuals on their smartphones (39, 40). These feelings strongly correlate to feelings of regret and social significance. I chose this because it was coming out and on my want to read list, and the library had it. They visit monuments on their way there. In the authors note, Kate McGovern writes that she became a mother during the writing of this story, and it shows, with inflections and insight that make the emotions visceral for the reader. FoMO fully mediated the relationship between self-construal and PSU. This was a difficult one but, I think, important. "Fear of Missing Out" (FOMO) is an all-consuming feeling that is associated with mental and emotional stress. Sometimes consuming and posting made me feel good elated, even and that was the problem. Montag C, Wegmann E, Sariyska R, Demetrovics Z, Brand M. How to overcome taxonomical problems in the study of internet use disorders and what to do with smartphone addiction? These findings are important to understand the association between the variables in the present study. government site. Moreover, FoMO could be one of the symptoms of individuals with an interdependent self who are struggling with problems of loneliness. I still get to be lazy and waste time without hurting my mental health. Given the diffusion of smartphones and the adverse influence on the self, it is important to explore the role of mediating mechanisms which can help in the development of prevention and intervention programs. I soon noticed some differences in how I behaved. All the research material and procedures were designed according to the guidelines laid out by Ethics in Human Research and the Italian Association of Psychology. Preliminary statistical analyses were carried out with IBM SPSS Statistics v. 26 software. Furthermore, previous studies have indicated that social comparison is positively associated with social media use and PSU because they seek comparison information (64, 65). She comes across a display from an Arizona company experimenting with cryopreservation. A few years ago the tumor showed up and with treatment it went away, but now its back with a vengeance. Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: a meta-analysis, Fear of missing out, mental well-being, and social connectedness: a 7-day social media abstinence trial. Everyone has a fear of missing out on something--a party, a basketball game, a hangout after school. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, I want her to live on, but??? It took me a while to figure out just what I wanted to say about it. Im joining a growing group of people in quitting these kinds of apps. Being stuck at home was pretty awful for my mental health, as Im sure any member of Gen Z can attest. 2.1. Two different scales were used in this study: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Psychological Well-being. i read the summer rlly quick so i thought it was like totally different. A burger chain fed a homeless teen. When her mother finds out she gets mad, and her father comes and tries to support Astrid with her decision but they end up fighting. However, no previous studies have explored how FoMO works in these relationships. What's FOMO? Finally, the Cronbach alpha reliability values of the subscales in the Self-Construal Scale were below 0.7 which were less than ideal. evolution of the concept called Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), the correlative frameworks of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Relative Deprivation Theory, and the impacts of FOMO on education, including learning and health. Fear of missing out (FoMO) Online social comparison Social media fatigue Social media stalking 1. Get help and learn more about the design. According to an international report, 97% of Italian individuals used their smartphone to access the internet and about 85.2% has been actively engaged with or contributed to social media in terms of communication among social groups (8). Marengo D, Sindermann C, Hckel D, Settanni M, Elhai JD, Montag C. The association between the big five personality traits and smartphone use disorder: a meta-analysis. Rather than doom-scroll for a week, I watched a ton of movies. Therefore, no causal relationships can be inferred. Blackwell D, Leaman C, Tramposch R, Osborne C, Liss M. Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style, and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Astrid was likable, as well as her brother who made me cry when I thought about how his sister is going to die. On one five-hour car ride with friends to New York, the only time I unlocked my phone was to control the music. Are sex differences in antisocial and prosocial Facebook use explained by narcissism and relational self-construal? Realizing it from time to time lives of billions of people were significant and satisfied the conditions for performing mediation. A risk factor mainly for PSMU rather than PSU all day, there always. Youre on a road trip with her best different scales were used in this relationship contrary, interdependent self-construal significantly. 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