Notice how the brief has been considerably expanded, as the design team has researched the problem. This concept is recognised by the designer as embodying a satisfactory match of a relationship between problem and solution. Heimlieferung oder in Filiale: Engineering Design Methods Strategies for Product Design von Nigel Cross | Orell Fssli: Der Buchhndler Ihres Vertrauens. Quite the contrary: they are perhaps more likely to lead to novel design solutions than the informal, internal, and 4 6 Design Procedures often incoherent thinking procedures of the conventional design process. In other words, the original black box of the overall function is redrawn as a transparent box in which the necessary sub-functions and their links can be seen (Figure7.2). A device is needed that fits with a standard oven and will compensate for Marys limited motion and reduced strength and allow her to easily put in and remove from her oven a variety of pans and baking dishes. problem structure pernicious. Therefore, a domestic messages recorder-player could be useful as a general purpose device, not just for telephone messages. Donate . The designer can make a distinct contribution to this stage of the design process by asking the clients or users for definitions of the fundamental purpose of the product or device, and asking about the required inputs and outputs from where do the inputs come, what are the outputs for, what is the next stage of conversion, etc. Physical description . Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cross, Nigel, 1942Engineering design methods: strategies for product design / Nigel Cross - 3rd ed. The fifth edition of Engineering Design Methods is an improved and updated version of this very successful, classic text on engineering product design. pressure 10 bar (test pressure 15 bar as per DIN 2401) D 3 Temp. Again, this may well require some careful researchit is not adequate simply to guess at performance requirements, nor just to take them from an existing solution type. This is quite an unusual situation for designers to find themselves in! For example, she noted that most users found it difficult to memorise the telephone number that the caller left in the message when there was no pen and paper at hand to write it down. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. just a substitute activity for actually doing any design work' (Cross et al., 94). The engineering design methods presented are those that are of practical significance and the book is a must for anyone wishing to raise the standard of their design work. This process is essentially one of work-relaxation-work, with the creative insight (if you are lucky enough to get one) occurring in a relaxation period. What is 2shared? The expanded list of objectives and sub-objectives is grouped roughly into hierarchical levels. Read reviews from world's largest community for readers. I never saw it as that. March drew on the work of the philosopher C.S. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for 9781119724377 (paperback) Cover Image: onurdongel/Getty Images Cover Design: Wiley Set in 10/13pt PalatinoLTStd by SPi Global, Chennai, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Introductionvii Part One: Design Fundamentals 1 The Activity ofDesign What Designers Say What Designers Do Case Study 1 3 3 5 9 2 The Nature ofDesign 15 3 The Process ofDesign 27 Part Two: Design Practice 4 Design Procedures 41 43 5 Identifying Opportunities 57 6 Clarifying Objectives 73 7 Establishing Functions 87 Design Problems Problem Structures How Designers Problem-Solve Descriptive Models Prescriptive Models Integrative Models Systematic Procedures Design Methods Creative Methods Rational Methods The User Scenarios Method The Objectives Tree Method The Function Analysis Method 15 18 21 27 30 37 43 44 46 53 58 74 88 v i Contents 8 Setting Requirements 99 The Performance Specification Method 100 9 Determining Characteristics 113 The Quality Function Deployment Method 114 10 Generating Alternatives 129 11 Evaluating Alternatives 143 12 Improving Details 161 13 Design Strategies 179 Part Three: Design Thinking 14 Design andInnovation 191 193 The Morphological Chart Method The Weighted Objectives Method The Value Engineering Method What is aDesign Strategy? As well as family use, variant devices might be marketed for use in other multi-person groups such as house sharing, or work groups sharing a communal space. There is therefore assumed to be a general, anti-clockwise direction of movement in the model, from top left all the way around to top right, but with substantial periods of iterative activity, going to-and-fro between problem and solution, sub-problems and sub-solutions. Other kinds of specifications as well as drawings may also be required. A large quantity of ideas is wanted. In fact, it is very helpful at all stages of designing to have a clear idea of the objectives, even though those objectives may change as the design work progresses. engineering; methods; josue74fut. 5. Many of these prescriptive models have emphasised the need for more analytical work to precede the generation of solution concepts. Design Methods One of the most significant aspects of this concern to improve the design process has been the development of new design methods. The team used personas and scenario building to help generate ideas for the functions, operation and appearance of new radios. (Source: Pahl and Beitz) 1 0 4 Setting Requirements Specification for Changes D or W One-handed mixing tap Page 1 Requirements Responsible D 1 Throughput (mixed flow) max. Creative methods and rational methods are complementary aspects of a systematic approach to design. The initial list of objectives so far might therefore look like this, in hierarchical order: reliable convenient robust standardised range These are all still rather high-level and general objectives, so it is necessary to investigate such statements further. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. The black box is made transparent, so that the sub-functions and their interconnections are clarified. Psychological needs Autonomy in deciding when and how ones teeth are to be cared for, self-esteem from care of teeth, praise for effort, pleasure from giving or receiving a gift, etc. One especially interesting idea to emerge from the focus groups was a suggestion that an answering machine might be a more general 7 0 Identifying Opportunities message machine that would allow anyone to record a message on it (a voice recorder) for anyone and everyone else in the household who comes home laterfor example, Ive gone to the gym or your dinners in the oven. PDF. Examples 1 0 5 Example 2: Seat suspension unit The design task in this example was to modify the design of seats in industrial vehicles, such as excavators and loaders, so as to incorporate a suspension mechanism. In this kind of situation, it can be easy for the designer to become trapped in an iterative loop of decision-making, where improvements in one part of the design lead to adjustments in another part which lead to problems in yet another part. Christopher S . The essential rules of brainstorming are: No criticism is allowed during the session. A useful aid to this evaluation is to sort or classify the ideas into related groups; this in itself often suggests further ideas, or indicates the major types of idea that there appear to be. nigel cross outlined eight stages in a process of engineering product design, each with an associated method: identifying opportunities - user scenarios; clarifying objectives - objectives tree; establishing functions - function analysis; setting requirements - performance specification; determining characteristics - quality function deployment; I make a distinction between engineers and engineering designers. Prepare a list of design objectives. It is preferable to try to make this overall function as broad as possible at firstit can be narrowed down later if necessary. Source: Pahl & Beitz, Engineering Design. An engineering design process was followed to investigate the problems and provide new solutions, including a shoe that could be adjusted to different sizes. This externalising is a significant aid when dealing with complex problems, but it is also a necessary part of team work, i.e. Such brevity may be because the client is very uncertain about what is wanted, or it may be because they assume that the designer perfectly understands what is wanted. Author: Professor Nigel Cross Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2008 (4th edition) ISBN: 978--470-51926-4 2008 Nigel Cross Engineering Design Methods: Strategies for Product Design Contents. For example, the designer is often required to produce lists of all the separate components and parts that will make up the complete artefact, and an accurate count of the numbers of each component to be used. The exploration of design solution-and-problem is also often done through early sketching of tentative ideas. Password. In Chapter 1, I outlined what could be a simple descriptive model of the design process, based on the essential activities that the designer performs. Are there messages youd like to leave, but cannot? all the family can contribute suggestions for the shopping list. A revised text that presents specific design methods within an overall strategy from concept to detail design  The fifth edition of Engineering Design Methods is an improved and updated version of this very successful, classic text on engineering product design. He argued that the two conventionally understood forms of reasoning, i.e. Somewhere between these extremes would fall the more normal kind of design brief. Reproduced with permission. However, it may become necessary to distinguish within this list between those attributes or requirements that are demands and those that are wishes. But creative, original ideas can also seem to occur quite spontaneously, without the use of any such aids to creative thinking. The process is heuristic: using previous experience, general guidelines, and rules of thumb that lead in what the designer hopes to be the right direction, but with no absolute guarantee of success. Participating in a brainstorming session is rather like playing a party game; and like a party game it only works well when everyone sticks to the rules. If one thinks of the problem as a space or territory, then it is largely unexplored and un-mapped, and perhaps imaginary in places! The consultant first tried observing other users. The VDI 2221 Guideline follows a general systematic procedure of first analysing and understanding the problem as fully as possible, then breaking this into sub-problems, finding suitable sub-solutions and combining these into an overall solution. The designer found it strange that the sewing arm was located centrally over its base, whereas he realised that the user needs more surface area on their side of the needle than behind it. The counter-arguments to that view are based on the reasons for adopting the systematic procedures outlined above. Often, inconsistencies emerge only in the process of problem-solving. You need to observe and record very carefully what the inexperienced user does. Course Essentials. Meine Filiale Geschftskunden. It provides an overview of design activities and processes, detailed descriptions and examples of how to use key design methods, and outlines design project strategies and management techniques. The system boundary is the conceptual boundary that is used to define the function of the product or device. Embodiment design. Direct analogies could be used to make the strange familiar, i.e. She also made her own notes as each trial user performed the tasks. The natural frequency of vibration of the combined seat and operator must be. Another early and more detailed prescriptive model was developed by Bruce Archer, and is summarised in Figure3.6. On the other hand, a very vague problem statement leads to equally vague ideas, which may be of no practical use. . Analogies are then sought that help to make the strange familiar, i.e. Draw ablock diagram showing theinteractions between sub-functions A block diagram consists of all the sub-functions separately identified by enclosing them in boxes and linked together by their inputs and outputs so as to satisfy the overall function of the product or device that is being designed. The client perhaps knows only the type of product that is wanted, and has little idea of the details, or of the variants that might be possible. Many products are designed for mass manufacture, and the costs of setting up the manufacturing plant, buying-in raw materials, and so on, are so high Engineering Design Methods: Strategies for Product Design, Fifth Edition. As the engineer-architect Santiago Calatrava said: To start with you see the thing in your mind and it doesnt exist on paper and then you start making simple sketches and organising things and then you start doing layer after layer. The use of analogical thinking has been formalised in a creative design method known as synectics. Taylors simple re-design provided ridges in the handles of the forceps, to prevent them slipping as they lay against the side of the developing-tray. Inside the black box there must be a process that separates the dirt from the clothes, and so the dirt itself must also be a separate output. Because it therefore sets the designers target range, it should not be defined too narrowly. This lends some support to those who argue that design problems are not always as ill-defined or ill-structured as they might appear to be. The device must be clearly visible amongst household clutter (i.e. In this model, the first phase, of productive reasoning, draws on a preliminary statement of requirements, and some presuppositions about solution types in order to produce, or describe, a design proposal. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Engineering design methods Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. in the flip PDF version. The second step of the method is therefore to make a decision on the appropriate level. The right of Nigel Cross to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Example: Forklift truck A design team looking for new versions of a companys forklift trucks focused on the problem area of using such trucks in warehouses for the stacking and removal of palletted goods. Save up to 80% versus print by going digital with VitalSource. Of course, there is not usually just one user of a product. It is usually possible to take some steps towards improving the initial definition of the problem, by questioning the client, collecting data, carrying out research, etc. Once again, drawings are a key feature of the design process. The resulting new product design incorporated the manufacturers standard machinery, but repackaged it in novel ways that not only made it easier to use but also gave the machine a new and distinctive form and style. Bisociation plays a fundamental role in creativity. The design methods are described clearly and succinctly, examples are used to illustrate principles and design strategies are presented that show how the methods are best . A typical example might be the brief provided to the design department by the planning department of a company manufacturing plumbing fittings. It also outlines the nature of design thinking, and sets it within broader contexts of product development and design process management. The fifth edition of Engineering Design Methods is an improved and updated version of this very successful, classic text on engineering product design. Clarifying objectives Objectives tree Aim: to clarify design objectives and sub- objectives, and the relationships between them. The designer can move up several levels to that of designing the door or even to designing a means of ingress and egress and find solutions which need no doorknob at allbut this is of no use to a client who manufactures doorknobs! Advantages of fixedresponse types of questionnaires are that they are quick to complete, lend themselves to easy processing of the responses, and result in numerical data. The sub-function count squares could also be used to give the signal for packaging lots of a specified number (see Figure7.6). It is perhaps as mysterious as the human ability to speak a new sentence, whether it is completely new, or just a modification of one heard, read, or spoken before. . Unusual, creative analogies are sought, which may lead to novel solution concepts. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 5 8 Identifying Opportunities A user-centred approach is often referred to as universal or inclusive designmeaning designing to include everyone. Engineering design method s: strategies for . It therefore runs counter to the designers traditional ways of thinking. Sometimes, of course, the analysis and evaluation show up fundamental flaws in the initial conjecture and it has to be abandoned, a new concept generated and the cycle started again. (Source: Pahl and Beitz) Example 3: Automatic teamaker The objectives tree method can also be used in designing a relatively simple device such as an automatic teamaker. There may be several answers to any particular Why?, and these can be charted as a network of question-andanswer chains. Such a device must be simple to use, across different age ranges. The problem level is decided by establishing a boundary around a coherent sub-set of functions. Figure 3.4 Embodiment design: one concept developed in more detail. Nigel Cross, Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work, Berg Publishers 2011, First Edition, ISBN: 978-1847886361 4. This initial solution conjecture is then subjected to analysis, evaluation, refinement and development. from getting any worse. The designers listed the new products attributes mainly in terms of a set of user needs: User needs at the concept phase Physiological needs Clean teeth better than a manual brush, massage gums, reduce decay, hygienic family sharing, electrical and mechanical safety, etc. The prototypes were also important for demonstrating and communicating the concept of the car to potential clients and manufacturers. 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. So, a diagram of the hierarchical relationships of these few objectives and sub-objectives might look like Figure6.1. The criterion of excellence to be worked to. They are forced to choose products from a limited range that may suit them, and may also have to adapt products themselves, or buy expensive attachments to compensate for a products inadequate design. Many designers are suspicious of rational methods, fearing that they are a straitjacket, or that they are stifling to creativity. Source: Krick, An Introduction to Engineering Design. An important prior task for the leader is to formulate the problem statement used as a starting point. She is no longer comfortable reaching into the oven to lift things out. At this stage, the feasibility or otherwise of any idea is not important; evaluation and selection will come later. Determine thelevel ofgenerality at which tooperate Considering the different levels of generality might lead either to a broadening or a narrowing of initial product concepts or of the design brief. This includes interactions with the world outside of the design process itself, such as inputs from the client, the designers training and experience, other sources of information, etc. a new type of toothbrush, but it has novel features that require precise performance specifications. 2. There is (or should be) a great deal of feedback from this phase to the conceptual design phase. Finished product to be marketed in two years time. (Source: Tjalve) Example 4: Surgical shoe Surgical shoes or clogs are worn in hospital operating theatres. The proposal itself arises from the generation of a concept by the designer, usually after some initial exploration of the ill-defined problem space. Many of Leonardo da Vincis drawings of machines and inventions from the Renaissance period show one of the key aspects of design drawings, in terms of their purpose of communicating to someone else how a new product should be built, and also how it should work. This is not really an objective in itself, but a means of achieving an objectivein this case, the objective of low risk of damage to work-piece or tool. Strategy Frameworks Strategy Control Learning toDesign Developing Expertise Product Planning Systems Design 130 144 162 179 183 185 186 188 193 198 References and Sources 203 Index 205 Introduction This book offers a strategic approach and a number of tactics as aids for designing new products. It is intended primarily for use by students and teachers of engineering design and industrial design. IN COLLECTIONS. Transfer of feed from mixing bin to bags loaded on truck. The higher the level of generality that may be considered, then the more freedom the designer has in terms of the range of acceptable solutions. Persona: Mary is 70 years old and lives alone, but loves to bake and to entertain her family at home for holidays. Written instructions may also be added to the drawings, such as notes on the materials to be used. The examples show that such methods are often adapted to suit the particular requirements of the task in hand. Her own notes as each trial user performed the tasks a substitute activity for actually doing any design &. A typical example might be the brief provided to the drawings, as! Outlined above the prototypes were also important for demonstrating and communicating the concept the... ) a great deal of feedback from this phase to the designers traditional ways of thinking relationship... Think and work, Berg Publishers 2011, First edition, ISBN 978-1847886361! Low prices and free delivery on eligible orders of feedback from this phase the! Sub- objectives, and the relationships between them will come later household (... The appropriate level to clarify design objectives and sub-objectives is grouped roughly into hierarchical levels been development. To design march drew on the reasons for adopting the systematic procedures outlined above brief has considerably. 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