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Its allegorical character by which it becomes a metaphor we would call its didactical nature. [] Because theology was the dominant intellectual passion of the race, oriental art is largely dominated by theology. Similarly Ulrich Weisstein: Whether literature is art in the narrow sense of the word may remain unanswered. - High royalties for the sales 7 No. World literature is, as a product of economical, historical, and intellectual development, primarily to be defined as a literature which transgresses and wants to transgress national and linguistic barriers from the outset. From a traditional Chinese point of view, the political periodization cannot be seen as wholly extrinsic to art history [] Artistic activity was not felt to take place in isolation from the complex and powerful forces set in motion by the character and authority of individual reigning sovereigns, and periodization by political periods serves not only descriptive but explanatory functions in traditional historical thinking., [iv] Comp., Rudolf Lthe: Underlying any statement with respect to the value of aesthetic experience lurks a normally not recognized decision of an anthropological order. Shamsuddin, But even if it were, it would not enable us to explain why certain works of literature have been selected and passed on as exemplary, and others not. Features of impact between Eastern and Western Literature. 6 No. Herrmann Jacobis[xiii] still unsurpassed description, dating from 1910, equally stresses the scholastic and dialectical character of all of Indian scholarly literature (and with it of literary criticism) and the tendency of Indian scholars towards abstract conceptualization. Both types were written in highly developed cultures, if ever so different ones. They want social justice. We also mentioned the high demand for translated eastern literature in European countries, and its inclusion by the writers, poets and writers in their literary writings. They even vary within such cultures. (2020). [ii] Yu: The use of the more peculiarly Western critical concepts and categories in the study of Chinese literature is, in principle, no more inappropriate than the classical scholars use of modern techniques and methods for his study of ancient materials. They apply to kitsch just as well as to high literature. They do not help us much for establishing generally valid criteria for evaluating literature. It may be that our appreciation does not relate to the same work, even though we may think so. 0000011752 00000 n At first, there may be no distinction between those who supply the arts and those who consume them. 0000010532 00000 n Similar affect achieved the Quran, the most important and the finest example of Arabic literary art which has profoundly influenced the literary development in the Muslim world as well as in countries that used to be under Muslim control. Assunto also indicates that the medieval thinkers principally differentiated between the concepts of the Beautiful and Art, quite in contrast to the Renaissance. The reason lies in the changeability of value judgements, meaning that the so-called literary canon has to be recognized as a construct, which has been built by certain people in a certain time for certain reasons. Salahuddin Mohd. We cannot take it for granted that such a historically adequate approach is at all possible for comparative aesthetics (Eliot Deutsch) or ethnopoetics (Tim Ingold). 0000009742 00000 n In order to support my points I had to quote secondary sources more extensivley than I would have preferred. We have to keep in mind, however, that most of the above mentioned criteria are not evaluative ones. And even less the idea of art as a subjective human creation [] What we now call a work of art was for the Middle Ages a thing created for a useful purpose. We also dealt with the features of renewal in Arabic literature, Arabic poetry and its schools in the modern era. 0000005417 00000 n (It is at this time that the idea of Western culture as a distinct type appears.) World literature has certainly more to do with different degrees of translatability than with immanent aesthetic values. To complicate matters, we also have to be careful about which stages of development of various cultures we compare. Even when the arts become specialities reserved for certain individuals, there is in early societies no noticeable distinction between the objectives of the artists and those of the community. This influence was either through the translation, or through reading in the original languages of Western literature, and this second method was more influential in modern Arabic literature, because translation loses many of the characteristics of artistic literatures that have a close connection with the language.. We mentioned in this research the link between East and West, and between Arab literature and European literature, and the features of impact between them through the process of transferring the literary heritage from East to West through several crossings, and its study to extract the literary and cultural treasures through the efforts of missionaries from Orientalists that were the first nucleus of modern Western civilization. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Transactions on Networks and Communications. Therefore, readers often need to re-read pages to find hints as to the motivations of the characters. [xi] corresponding to T.S. That is how they soon came to differentiate soon 25, later almost 80, and finally over 100 forms of presentation. He suggests that we should rethink whether our devotion to pure art celebrated since the Renaissance is the only way we can satisfy our aesthetic instincts. According to him, we do not have to wait for Marxists to ask ourselves whether the only flag under which art should sail is Lart pour lart. Are universal categories relevant and accurate enough to describe particulars? Therefore, the number of characters in the eastern novels are numerous; most of the time the main character is not someone who shows up in the first chapter. Although the east and west are mixed up with the each others culture, they still retain their own features. At least we pass these qualities in silence when we evaluate a work of art. The first theoretical treatment of plays is especially interested in the sung interludes and their presentation (Dolezelova-Velingerova). Chinese Ming-dynasty novels were roughly contemporary with German Baroque novels. However, Wolfhart Heinrichs[vii] points to the surprising fact that in classical Arabic there is no comparable concept to literature and that while the concept literature in a Western context immediately evokes the popular trinity of epic, lyrical, dramatic, its application to the Arabic high literature yields two deficits (epic and drama), which leaves the third category not particularly effective.. These are just a few differences between eastern and western novels. It expresses what Goethe called the incommensurable of great poetry. Seeing the success of western democracy, these authors, and their audiences, wanted to follow a similar path. Eastern literature is marked by the unique Eastern culture, traditions and philosophy which has also profoundly influenced the Western literature. 0000008247 00000 n 4 (2021): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Frbi's "Utopia" and its relevance to the Greek Theory of Emanation (As an Islamic civilization perspective), Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. Chinese drama, which rather should be called operetta (or Singspielin German) developed in the 12th century; the novel in the 14th. - By recommending again a strict differentiation between these two concepts (see my articles, 1990.1998, and 2000), we only return to the old and proven. As Horst Steinmetz has correctly established, Goethe meant predominantly European literature with his concept, not a list of great books, comprising Arab, Chinese, Indian, Japanese or Persian ones, as would be taught nowadays at an American college. What do we mean by sufficiently remote cultures? 6 No. 10 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Praise of the Prophet Muammad and His Message in the Poetry of Muammad Iqbal, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. 0000001585 00000 n Salahuddin Mohd. [] In this constant reference to types of activity, Oriental art differs essentially from Greek art and its prolongations in Europe.. Arman b. Asmad , Once freed of the latter, their eternal and universal values will shine in beautiful self-evidence. Compared to eastern novels, writing styles are totally different. It enables different readers of different times to read different things out of (or into) great works. Western novels often focus on one character, but eastern novels often make characters rely on teamwork. - Every paper finds readers, Kyoto Sangyo University In the Middle Ages, it was just the opposite. (21). Only in one case were they sharp observers.[] The soul of good poetry is supposed to be the unspoken. Intercultural German Studies Bd. 6 No. Interesting in this context is the following observation by Anita Silvers: Ours is by no means the first age to be destabilized by the increasing prominence of multicultural diversity. Instead, they explain the characters emotions by describing reactions of an outsider. The Hebrew Bible which was written sometime between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE became the basis for the Christian Bible which has changed the Western culture and literature forever. It is not only the quality of esthetical standards that varies widely in different cultures, and within these cultures in various stages of development of these cultures, it is the concept of literature itself, which has to be examined comparatively. 0000007454 00000 n [] However, in regards to the latter the Indians were taking specialization to a much greater extreme than we did and subdivided some forms of presentation which we subsume under one name (e.g, comparison), into many special figures. 3 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Al-Jurjns Rhetorical System of Speech in Arabic and Stylistic Studies in Modern Linguistics, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. Salahuddin Mohd. Ahmad . This was necessitated by the topic. Ahmad. xref Medieval thinking does not know yet the combination of the concepts of perception, art, and beauty on which we base the terminus aesthetics since Baumgarten. He regrets that in our ecumenical age everyone tries to appreciate everything, and asks whether this esthetical use of many things does not inevitably lead to their misuse. Even the autonomous mode of existence of poetry is hinted at when in rasa-theory two kinds of emotions are differentiated, private ones (related to the poets life) and general or fictitious ones, which are supposed to be the true material of poetry.-. Fixed cliched descriptions [] are indispensable. And in regards to the theater, he says: It must not be overlooked how little dramatic in the Western sense Indian theater is. Siti Sara Binti Hj. Van Damme, Wilfried; his paper contains the more recent relevant literature. [i] Portions of this article were presented in German at the 10th International Congress of the International Association for Germanic Studies, Sept. 10th to 16th 2000 in Vienna, under the title Kanon und Wert. The full German version was published under the title Kanon und Wert (10 Thesen mit Kommentaren) in Acta Humanistica et Scientifica Universitatis Sangio Kyotiensis, Foreign Languages and Literature Series No. The greatest attention are receiving philosophical literary works by prominent philosophers and thinkers although Japanese, Chinese and Indian prose and poetry are increasingly being translated into many languages as well. 0000022357 00000 n We are not allowed to project Western criteria on either if we do not want to miss the typical character of Indian creativity. Our Homer is neither identical with the Homer of the middle ages, nor is our Shakespeare the one of his contemporaries; various historical periods have constructed a different Homer and Shakespeare for their own purposes and found in their texts elements of various value, even though these texts were not necessarily the same.-. Siti Sara Binti Hj. Willy R. Berger expresses his scepticism of fruitful comparisons in the following manner: As much as we wish to agree with Etiembles exhortations that Comparative Literature should push beyond mere registration of historical connections towards an esthetical analysis of comparable works, we still have to doubt that a comparison between a Chinese novel of the Ming-dynasty and a European novel of the Baroque period can yield anything besides those abstract conditions sine qua non du poeme which equal the Platonic detachment and ubiquity of Staigers basic concepts.. Neun Thesen mit Kommentaren in Jahrbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Eliots impersonality and Edward Bulloughs Psychical Distance. Salahuddin Mohd. He defended this method. All the discussed Eastern literatures Jewish, Arabic, Indian, Chinese and Japanese have produced a wealth of works which enable you to discover a whole new world. 0000002105 00000 n The strongest feature of eastern novels is definitely dialogue. The former change, together with our tastes and with our cultural sensibilities and expectations. Not only do variants in its sub-groups cause the concept literature to fluctuate, so also do the different meanings it receives from its social embedding. Arnheim and Eagleton are not the only ones who have shown us that different periods within the European cultural sphere completely differed in their artistic ideas and ideals. [] Theories may be so abstract as to loose all contact with empirical reality, over-abstraction is sometimes of no avail., Still, and this is the amazing and seemingly contradictory observation we cannot deny, we do find in the older Eastern cultures many analogous tendencies to some of ours - that is, if we look long enough[ix].- We read, for example, with surprise about a Chinese scholar-writer in the 16th century[x] who (like Herder and young Goethe in Western settings) collected folk songs and even valued them more highly than the artful poems of his colleagues because of their simplicity of language and sincerity of emotions. 5 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Problems of Teaching Arabic Language to non-native speakers and its methodological solutions, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); In the western novels, authors often take a lot of time to describe characters feelings. Your email address will not be published. 137 0 obj The lyrical cry from the heart [Urlaut], as we expect it in the West from true poetry since Goethe, is unknown in India. However, it does not do that because it excels in special literary or other qualities but rather primarily because it reacts to situations in life which increasingly resemble each other, in spite of differing national environments, especially in the so-called capitalist countries.[vi]. The function of Ingardens spots of indeterminacy (Unbestimmtheitsstellen) were anticipated when the evocative character of good poetry was stressed again and again. 2022 Taipei Teen TribuneAn Englist Co., Ltd. publication. Despite that, many works and authors received a huge success on the international literary scene, while their popularity tends to be on the rise because they offer a unique insight into the Far Eastern philosophy, culture and mentality which is strikingly different from that in the West. But as a result of the world becoming more closely connected, other Eastern literary forms and styles have found their way into the Western market as well and opened a whole new world to the Western readers. As a result, readers find that characters in the western novels are more vivid. 104 0 obj The influence of the Jewish and Arabic literatures on the worlds literary art, however, extends beyond ancient literary works. They never tired of defining them and of finding examples of them in literature or of making them up [] For a long time, this task was occupying the theoreticians to such a degree that they did not even pose the question of the essence of poetry. Your email address will not be published. - It only takes five minutes 8 No. 10 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Assessment And Testing In Counselling Practice, Explaining Ethnicity: Primordialism vs. Instrumentalism, An Application of Timmons Model in the Mini Entrepreneurial Logistics Project, An Overview of Experiential Learning in Nursing Education, Services for Science and Education Ltd, United Kingdom. Value is a transitive concept: it always means what certain people in specific situations according to certain criteria and in light of certain intentions value highly. Also the theory of empathy, as worked out by Theodor Lipps and Volkelt, had its precursors and in India was partially explained with the deja-vu phenomenon stemming from prior incarnations. Authors make lots of similes to describe the characters inner world. 0000003486 00000 n | Kira Lei Chen Grade 7. Drugs arent a crime, its an illness | Felix Tsai Grade 10, Cum nsufleim viaa trind n ora - home 4 life, 4 reasons why living in the city is better than living in the countryside | Victor Lu Grade 10, Why teenagers need art therapy | Victor Lu Grade 12, Are cram schools for kids, or are they really for parents? 0000003249 00000 n 7 No. 0000006087 00000 n 0000004939 00000 n As a result of limited contacts, Japanese, Chinese and Indian literatures caught the attention of the Western world relatively late. When Germany, after the confessional wars, made a first attempt at developing a kind of national literature, the Indian classicism was long over. Therefore, we tend to universalize our own cultural values. SSE-UK is an Open Access publisher empowering researchers to accelerate progress in basic applied and interdisciplinary sciences by leading a transformation in research communication. By carefully comparing observations made by specialists in Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Western literature concerning problems of literary values, canon-formation, and the concept of literature itself, the author tries to answer some of the most pertinent questions in comparative aesthetics and ethnopoetics, specifically: [i], Are literatures of radically different cultures comparable regarding literary values ?- Do universal literary values exist?- Do literary values remain the same within the development of one culture?- Does the fact that certain works of literature have been valued over centuries indicate that eternal values exist?-, Is the concept of literature the same in radically different cultures?- Does it remain the same within the development of one culture?- Are the basic genres (the lyric, epic, and dramatic) comparable?- Are certain analogous phenomena in Indian and Western literature indicative of basic similarities between these literatures?-, Is at least the theory deduced from these literatures similar?- Is a unified theory of literature desirable?- Are literary canons established mainly according to perceived aesthetic values in the selected works?-, If the answer to all of the questions above is NO, wherein lie the basic differences between Eastern and Western literatures?-. An interesting anticipation of our thoroughly modern poetics of deviation (Abweichungspoetik) can be found already around 600 AD in the thoughts of Bhamaha.- The concept of beauty as defined by the last great theoretician of poetics, Jagannatha (17th century), is again strangely similar to that of Kant. <> Tonang Lubis. We mean precisely those cultures that had not yet reached the stage of mutual interaction, exchange, and influence that was meant by Goethe when he coined in 1827 his concept of World Literature[v]. Therefore this value is necessarily relative: there are as many valid decisions in respect to value as there are valid ideas of man. In Indian aesthetics, W. Chaudhury has gone farthest in equating Indian with Western criteria of poeticity. He compared (1956) the theory of rasa (to be translated as moods) which was firstlaid out by the mythic Brahman sage Bharata before the 3rd century with Aristotles concept of catharsis in regards to their psychological effect on the viewer. But who is to decide which periods are roughly comparable? Arman Bin H. Asmad,