Free Littmann Learning Institute Application. Choose engraving, case, charms, and make it perfect for you! A health-professional wears this tool for his/her lifetime. The Littmann Classic II Pediatric (Performance Level 7-8) stethoscope has single lumen technology, similar to the lower model adult Littmann products. Nurses can choose from 6 tubing colors and change the animal to seven interchangeable snap-ons (Panda, Frog, Koala, Bear, Deer, Monkey, Tiger). As a nurse, you are the first line of defense and you dont want to be uncertain. But what you get in return is a solid, high-quality stethoscope that delivers impressively clear, detailed sounds at different frequency ranges by just adjusting the pressure on the chest piece thanks to its tunable diaphragm. However, is their acoustic as great as in the Cardiology series models? Considered an entry-level stethoscope, it is lightweight with sound acoustics. The bell is covered with a removable diaphragm, perfect for pediatric patients, and protects the bell from dust and debris. (Im now retired.) Cutting-edgetechnology and exceptional performance. Non-latex material. Im so sorry for the confusion. Oh yeah, its a loud, loud world. Choosing the right 3M Littmann Stethoscope for your practice. 3. One of my personal favorite things about this stethoscope is that is had Snap Tight Soft-Sealing Eartips. In the hand of an experienced doctor, it can be almost equal to the highest-priced stethoscope. The 3M Littmann Classic III is less than $120, and over 90% of almost 43,000 Amazon customers rated five stars. If wearing the stethoscope around your neck, avoid resting the tubing on bare skin. Littmann Master Classic II: Ideal for medical professionals to detect, listen to, and study heart, lung, and other body sounds for physical assessment and diagnosis. What kind of stethoscope do you prefer? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, research proved that no real acoustical difference exists. This stethoscope ranges from $30-$50 and has many color options. Although many brands exist, 3M Littmann is the gold standard for nurses and other medical professionals. The most common colors of stethoscopes are black and blue, which means your stethoscope will look like 65 percent of your coworkers if you choose these colors. One of Littmanns simplest models which are especially useful for training and learning. occupational lung disease It also has 24x magnification and 85% reduction of ambient noise. Of course, all this technology makes it an expensive option but its yet another Littmann stethoscope that is unique and delivers great value for money. Stethoscope.eu offers in house laser engraving. The Littmann 3100 has the same acoustic performance as the superior model the 3200. Use scenario: For learning purposes of medical students, the outpatient department, Blood pressure measurement, Heart sound, and lung sound assessment. plastic surgery Littmann Electronic: Combines Ambient Noise Reduction technology and frictional noise dampening features with amplification, and Bluetooth technology for the next level of performance. The cost is less than $150, and buyers can choose from 10 colors. Why wait, buy yours today from https://www.colmed.in/littmann.html, and happy diagnosing !! No contest. But dont take my word for it, this Stethoscope has an overall 4.5/5 stars and receives rave reviews. Empowering healthcare professionals to find and do their best work. Once you know what sounds you might be listening to, such electronic devices can certainly make it a lot easier for you to closely analyze murmurs or a few other heart sounds. Turnable diaphragm, you can hear high or low-frequency sounds by slightly adjusting pressure on the chest-piece. Performance Level 6: These stethoscopes are ideal for checking blood pressures and making limited patient assessments. 3M Littmann Classic II S.E. The 3M Littmann CORE Digital Stethoscope features the outstanding acoustics, comfort, and quality of a Littmann cardiology-grade stethoscope enhanced by powerful digital technology. While I have found the Littmann electronic stethoscopes extremely useful in detecting difficult to pick up murmurs (like Grade 2 or Grade 3 aortic regurgitation), its real utility lies in auscultation of abnormal lung sounds. Over the years, stethoscope use evolved from physicians only to a nursing skill that earns respect and acknowledgment in health care communities. The Littmann Cardiology IV is the most advanced and perfected version of the worlds most reliable classic stethoscope. And so, theres a need for these sounds and murmurs to be amplified for them to be diagnosed. She is also assistant professor of nursing at DeSales University, PA. Fran practices in emergency departments and is passionate about continuing education, nurse advocacy, and health care worker self care. The chest piece is made of fine-grade materials that hold up to chemicals, impacts, and scratches that come with daily use. blood infection Littmann stethoscopes are always the top choice of nurses and doctors everywhere, and nos with the 3M Littmann CORE Digital Stethoscope, you dont have to debate Littmann 3200 vs Eko. Moreover, the soft large earpieces snap on well and do not cause any discomfort even while using it for quite a long period. The Nerdy Nurse is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking toAmazon.com. Store the stethoscope in a cool, dry place. Not ideal for critical patients. All links on this site may be affiliate links and should be considered as such. Stethoscope, 3M Littmann Master Classic II Stethoscope, 3M Littmann Classic III Monitoring Stethoscope, 3M Littmann Cardiology IV Diagnostic Stethoscope, 3M Littmann Master Cardiology Stethoscope. Welch Allen offers the Harvey stethoscope line claiming superior acoustics and the ability to detect a full range of frequencies. Use scenario: Blood pressure measurement, learning purpose, listening to normal heart sounds, coarse lung crepitations. A more reasonably-priced option, the MDF Sprague Rappaport scores 4.5/5, with 72% of Amazon users giving 5-star reviews. What kind of stethoscope do you prefer? Covid 19 Tube: 28 inches, Y shaped single lumen tube. It is the most preferred Stethoscope brand in the world, enjoying the trust of more than 5 million+ medical community worldwide. Ive always felt that the best stethoscope is the one which any given individual finds best helps them hear important sounds during auscultation. Nurses should avoid purchasing single lumen poor acoustic stethoscopes. Pick a Littmann and you will be happy you did. In the 1970s, Dr. David Littmann (Littmann stethoscopes inventor) underscored stethoscope use in nursing assessment and diagnostic skills. When shopping for a stethoscope, nurses need to know some fundamental differences. congenital heart disease You can use our online Find your stethoscope guide or you can continue reading below. It alleviates the auscultation of rattles and rhonchi, it will drastically reduce the chest x-rays that you order as well. coronavirus Due to this, the Pediatric model is envisioned for children up to 12 years whilst the Infant model is designed for neonates. This is according to Littmans own website(as of 9-2-16). However, these stethoscopes are very expensive and are not superior to dual or single head stethoscopes. Thanks its funny that you posted this at the right time. Exam cosmetic surgery We strive for accuracy, but cannot be held responsible for the current validity of data as best practices are ever-changing. Although recommended for non-critical care settings, the excellent acoustics and reasonable price give it the top spot. This technology is great to have, in particular, because it allows you to get a quick and complete sonic image of a location without having to futz around with the stethoscope. headache eczema Littmann makes the best stethoscopes for nurses, hands down. Having said that, there are quite a few improvements (that are worth mentioning, particularly in regards to the acoustics: the sounds are well defined and clear during auscultation. This dual head stethoscope boasts excellent acoustics (Performance Level 7-8) for a wide range of adult and pediatric patients. Suggested users: Specialist doctors, Medical registrars, Medical officers, Critical care physicians. Not ideal for emergency or critical care medicine. congenital Furthermore, caring for the stethoscope properly guarantees the longevity of this investment required for reliable and skilled patient care. Check out the shiny Electronic Stethoscope Model 3200. Youll find it very useful in explaining your findings to the patient so they are more likely to follow your recommendations. psoriasis diabetes If you are looking for exceptional acoustic performance but you dont need to record or share your findings, this is the Littmann for you. The following steps ensure long use and safe handling: The stethoscope is the most common clinical tool for nurses of all disciplines and experience levels. Stethoscope tubing, made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), is latex-free and easy to clean. Im sure you are going to love the Littmann. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Antibacterial wipes, isopropyl alcohol, or mild antibacterial soap provide safe and gentle cleansing. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Build it step by step! Here are the main reasons they are worth the money. Email: admin@costamedic.com, Littmann Lightweight II S.E. Contact with body oils and sweat causes cracks in the tubing. The Littmann Classic II Pediatric, as well as the Classic II Infant, are versions with smaller chestpieces oftheClassic II Stethoscope. Get it off Amazon now and make the most of your money. Find all that an more with the FreshRN VIP - Membership. What kind of stethoscope do you prefer? There you have it- the best Littman stethoscopes in the market. arthritis Nurses of all experience levels must use quality stethoscopes. MBBS, CCD, MPH, MRCP (UK). Vat exempt purchases. cancer Although more expensive than the 3M Classic III, Littmann boasts that the astute examiner using the Cardiology IV can detect subtle patient conditions. Classic III | Master Classic II | Cardiology IV. See who can fill a row first! Tube: 27 inches, Y shaped single lumen tube.
See ourprivacy policyfor more information. Here we will try to dissect and review each of the categories available so that you make the right decision. The cost is $270 $330, with four color options. Single head, or acoustic, stethoscopes allow auscultation of high and low pitched sounds based on how the amount of pressure applied to the head. Littmann Master Cardiology: Provides the best acoustic response in trhe Littmann mechanical stethoscope line. What will you primarily use the stethoscope for? Non-critical care. Learn how your comment data is processed. With the Bluetooth tech built into this stethoscope, you can wirelessly transfer and view sounds in real-time as you auscultate your patient. Overall, the Littmann electronic stethoscope does exactly what it promises to. Littmann CORE Digital: Our most advanced stethoscope yet, with up to40x amplification (at peak frequency, vs. analog mode), active noise cancellation and in-app sound wave visualization. It strikes the right balance between cost and benefits for essentially any clinician. She is the co-founder of Health Media Academy and is an award-winning author and blogger, international keynote speaker, and influencerin the nursing and healthcare technology communities. If you are going to get one, the 3M Littmann Classic II S.E. As stethoscopes evolved, so did the nursing role. This is a great advantage because you can do enough analysis to differentiate between those sounds that should be referred for an ECG test and those that should not. ARMD At about half the cost of the Classic III (approximately $60), this quality, single-head stethoscope has excellent acoustics for adult patients. COVID Trained in Internal Medicine and Cardiology. Stethoscope cost and quality received positive reviews. Initial assessment of the chest, performed by physicians laying an ear on the naked chest, was suboptimal. Brittney is the author of, Interviews and Press, Awards and Mentions. Ive had the pleasure to use this stethoscope on multiple occasions and always had great results. The nurse role evolved, and nurses now perform complex examinations and are skilled diagnosticians. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. They're entry-level models that provide essential features such as tunable diaphragms. Choosing the right stethoscope expands assessment skills and benefits patients by contributing to quality patient care. Performance Level 10+: Stethoscopes at this performance level amplify sounds 24 times, reduce ambient noise, and offer BlueTooth connectivity to record auscultated sounds. Many medical device companies still produce this brand. It auscultates high and low pitches to identify challenging abnormalities. A big step up over the ones you were using. Do you own a company within the EU? Brittney Wilson, BSN, RN, a bachelors-prepared registered nurse, is the founder and owner of The Nerdy Nurse and TheNerdyNurse.com. The headset, again, in terms of the springing and weight, there is very little difference between the two Littman stethoscopes. Thanks to such an innovative design, it allows better movement around body contours and blood pressure cuffs, making it perfect for listening to a range of sounds including blood pressure, heart, lung, chest, bowel, and abdominal sounds. Its going to be great not having to take manual BPs with those plasticky throwaway stethescopes they stock on the unit (were in psych, so its not standard for nurses to bring their own stethescopes to work). Understanding the working parts, the differences in performance, and the best use situations of each permit nurses to perform proficient and skilled patient assessments. 3M offers the classic III in 18 colors and seven different finishes for optimal personalization. It is believed to be the first stethoscope (electronic) equipped with distinctive Bluetooth technology which allows clinicians to transmit heart, lung, and other sounds wirelessly from the chest piece to the computer (thanks to the StethAssist software) for further analysis. There are many stethoscopes brands present in the market. A pediatric stethoscope designed for infants and neonates, the Welch Allen Professional Pediatric stethoscope has a single lumen and stainless steelhead. Out of these, Littmann stethoscopes are by far the most renowned for their high precision acoustics and quality. 3M Littmann Cardiology IV (Performance Level 9) is a superior stethoscope for critical care and patient care areas. This is where Littmann electronic stethoscopes come in handy. The American Diagnostic Corporation ADscope 600 Cardiology Stethoscope has an Amazon rating of 4.6/5 stars, citing acoustics similar to the Littmann Cardiology IV, lightweight design, and ear comfort. 3M Littmann Lightweight and Select Stethoscopes are ideal for taking blood pressure readings and making a limited patient assessment. Also confused on choosing colours, here's the list below, along with the model numbers. It isnt too heavy or stiff and is comfortable in my ears. The tubing is durable and can easily be folded and put in a lab jacket pocket. The Best Medication Cards For Nursing Students, Best Shoes for Nurses 20+ Recommended Nursing Shoes for Women, Gifts for Nurses: All The Best Nurse Gift Ideas in One Place, How to Pass the NCLEX with 75 Questions in One Attempt, Most Popular Shoes for Nurses: Alegria Clog. Please check our other articles: www.costamedic.com/blog. Now you have the absolute best of both worlds. Littmann Classic II Infant: Dependable, hard-working clinical tool for physical assessment, monitoring, and diagnosis of the smallest patients. Suggested users: Medical students, registered nurse. Suggested users: Nursing assistants, nursing students, vocational nurses, medical assistants. Tunable, dual-sided stainless steel chest-piece with open or closed bell. How Can a Nurse Provide Emotional Support? Tube: 27 inches, A-shaped dual lumen tube for better noise cancellation. And, the noise attenuation is right on the money so you can be sure that you will hear only what you want to hear. Consider your retailer carefully. Pediatric stethoscopes are similar to adult stethoscopes, but the chest pieces are smaller. Performance Level 7-8: Stethoscopes at this performance level have excellent acoustics and are ideal for patient assessments and continued patient monitoring. These electronic devices display the detected heart rate and also allow you to make up to a dozen 30-second recordings of auscultations, which you can replay to your patients later. As advanced instruments that are superior in quality to traditional stethoscopes, they are designed to drastically improve the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. kidney disease Buying you a new Littmann stethoscope may be intimidating, but here are a few tips and tricks to find your perfect stethoscope. Use scenario: Heart murmur assessment, patient diagnosis, hearing fine lung sound, pediatric patient, general ward, general physical assessment. Stethoscope, Littmann Classic III Monitoring Stethoscope, Littmann Cardiology IV Diagnostic Stethoscope, 3M Littmann Lightweight II S.E. Nurses became trusted to use stethoscopes to assess and interpret lung, heart, and abdominal sounds. This technology allows patient heart condition monitoring for progression and provides an excellent educational and clinical resource. Non-latex material. You need someone in your corner telling you what your managers really need from you, helping you learn to interact with your preceptor, and really just manage your life. Suggested users: Medical officers, medical registrars, general practitioners. Yes, it does take some time to get a grip on the subtleties linked to digital auscultation. The sound quality is among the best Ive experienced. If you meant the Cardiology III, there is not a Master Cardiology III . HR5 3DJ, United Kingdom Performance Level 9-10: These stethoscopes have more sensitive acoustics and are ideal for critical care patients. Amazon, as a retail marketplace, also allows consumers to score and comment on products. Accessories & parts. This is wonderful because you dont have to warm it up before taking a heartbeat. Patients heart sounds are saved in 15, 30, or 60-second recordings to create a library or enter into patient charts. Non-latex material. Use scenario: Cardiac care unit, Emergency department, High dependency ward, ICU, pediatric patient, Subtle heart murmur, bruit, lung sounds assessment. The 3M Littmann brand of Stethoscope is famous worldwide for its accuracy and durability. What kind of stethoscope do you prefer? We at ColMed.in offer free engraving, Cash on Delivery and same day dispatch options for all the 3M Littman Stethoscope models in India. You can buy our products without paying VAT. Its also latex-free and a nonchill chest piece, which is a must in direct patient care. There are no Amazon reviews available for this brand, but quality scores are high with other retailers. Ships same day! This stethoscope comes with excellent acoustics thanks to the development and the experience Littmann has built up over the several decades they have been manufacturing stethoscopes. melanoma Thanks for posting this, and have a fun and safe Labor Day weekend! Your email address will not be published. Stethoscope tubing is available in 22-inch to 28-inch lengths. The cost is less than $50 for this 4.6/5 star-rated product on Amazon. Medical practitioners once thought that the acoustics were better in a shorter tubing length. I cant stop raving about their quality and ingenuity. I am so glad you found this post just when you needed it. Most higher-performing stethoscopes have a double lumen in a single tube from the diaphragm to the earpieces, allowing for improved sound quality. Stethoscope is the best Littmann you can buy. Can you Buy a Stethoscope Even if You Are not a Doctor. It's acoustic, although fair, is not as excellent as in other superior models. Bear in mind that a good number of murmurs and sounds typically occur in a range of frequencies that human ears are not very sensitive to. Clean the earpieces weekly, replacing them as needed. The tube length is a personal preference. Also confused on choosing colours, here's the list below, along with the model numbers. What kind of stethoscope do you prefer? Over 80% of over 45,000 Amazon reviewers gave the Classic II five stars. In any case the pic is def the Cardiology III. Join the free Incredible Health Nurse Community to get career advice, support, and tips from experienced fellow nurses. skin cancer It is the most preferred Stethoscope brand in the world, enjoying the trust of more than 5 million+ medical community worldwide. As a nurse, I discovered quite a few things about this stethoscope that set it apart from all the others. It has a single sided chestpiece with a tunable dual-frequency diaphragm, as it is usual in Littmann. Please let us know in the comment section which model do you prefer? I would recommend it for a nurse, nursing student, or other healthcare professional. mesothelioma Not recommended for listening to subtle heart murmurs. It is pretty cheap compared to other Littman models but delivers excellent acoustic response so you can discern different lung and heart sound easily. Most doctors and nurses usually do not need anything better than this. heart disease Choosing the right model of 3M Littmann for your healthcare practice can sometimes be a little confusing, as different models have different features, depending on age groups and the nature of disease and organ involved. In October of 2020, EKO announced a partnership with Littmann to combine their incredible Bluetooth stethoscope technology with the world-class auscultation of Littmann that has been trusted by healthcare professionals for years. Medical, PA or NP Student. Tube: 28 inch, Y shaped single lumen tube. Amazon customers cited this more affordable ($50-$60) option as comfortable, high-quality, and lightweight. By consuming any of our content, you agree that you will hold us harmless for actions you made as the result of the data. Pediatric or infant unit. Digital or electronic stethoscopes allow ambient noise filtration and heart and lung sound recordings. sle Avoid extreme temperatures. Saves time and money for the patient. What I like most about the last Littmann stethoscope is how it has changed the way nursing practitioners listen to and interpret the sounds thus drastically improving the diagnostic capabilities. Non-chill bell cover for patient comfort. The best stethoscope for nursing students is the 3M Littmann Classic II (Performance Level 7-8). If you meant the Classic, there is only a Master Classic II. Therefore, they have the same features with the exception of the diameter of its chestpieces: 1 inch / 1.31 inches (the Pediatric) and 0.75 inch /1.06 inches (the Infant version). No,any cardiologist or specialist with a trained ear will be able to perceive the difference. It doesnt have the same clarity, or amplification, or ability to detect details and nuances. Your email address will not be published. TheLittman Lightweight II S.E stethoscope, as its name indicates, has a lightweight yet durable design and features a one-of-its-kind double-sided chest piece, which is actually ovoid in shape. The 3M Littmann Classic II S.E. If you have poor hearing, you can still detect lung sounds and heart murmurs with great acoustic clarity that your colleagues using traditional stethoscopes might sometimes miss. The MDF MD One offers 20 color options. This stethoscope ranges from $220-$350 based on the retailer. I rescued it several times before it finally ran away for good (lol). eye The Master Cardiology is simply the best of the Littmann acoustic stethoscopes. Nurses must use the correct size to properly auscultate the right amount of surface area and minimize ambient noise. Negative comments included stethoscope weight and low acoustic quality. This US-based company is the leader in stethoscope sales due to: However, there are more affordable, highly rated brands other than 3M Littmann. Besides this, it relies on improved acoustics which better allows it to capture high-frequency sounds, both diaphragms are tunable and it has dual-lumen tubing which reduces ambient and friction noise. Do not submerge it in a fluid of any kind. I was so glad my boss OKd us to order two Littmanns and I had to figure out which ones to get. This stethoscope costs less than $150 and is available in four colors. Over 900 of the 1100+ reviews are 5 stars. That may have changed in the last decade, but I dont know. If you are in school or training, ask your instructors for recommendations. Stethoscope is sensitive and comes equipped with a dual-sided, turntable diaphragm and bell. If you are looking to buy one of the best Littmann stethoscopes around and are willing to pay for a great build, ergonomic design, excellent acoustics, and, most importantly, the more-than-handy option of listening to both high and low frequency sounds clear,3M Littmann Master Cardiology is the stethoscope you should get. With the Littmann Classic III, you will, in short, be able tolisten to any sound you wishgrade I murmur, S3 and S4 noises, among others. Knowing the basics, outlined here, and Buying with confidence by purchasing from Stethoscope.eu which is a 3M Littmann Authorized Dealer will ensure that you dont have to go through this process all over again for quite some time. weight loss, Costamedic 4. We will never spam you. Used as a diagnostic aid as part of the physical assessment of a patient. 1. CML genetic disease However, the cost is prohibitive. Your first year as a nurse is daunting. Are you interested in buying one of these electronic stethoscopes from Littmann? Dont forget the carrying case! We offer huge discounts to our customers who are interested in ordering as a group. Turnable diaphragm, you can use both sides of the chest-piece to listen to high-pitched and low-pitched sounds. Littmann Lightweight: Ideal for taking blood pressure and making limited patient assessments. Definitely, this model relies on a combination of features which make it into an extremely powerful tool, almost without equal. These are some of the best ones they make and where to buy them. 2. See our disclaimer for more information. The cost is identical to the Welch Allen pediatric stethoscope. If you want an acoustic stethoscope with unrivalled performance this would be the best choice for you. 3 Pros and Cons of Taking a Supplement to Lose weight. anomaly skin care Medical Doctor and Public Health Specialist with ten years of work experience in tertiary medical facilities. In 2015, during the Miss America pageants talent competition, Kelley Johnson (Miss Colorado) made nurses stethoscopes famous. If you want to get better at auscultation and enjoy the convenience of documenting the sounds auscultated by transferring them to a computer using cutting-edge Bluetooth tech, look no further than Littmann electronic stethoscopes. A stethoscope is the most beautiful and prestigious ornament of a medical doctor, nurse, and paramedic. Choose a color that will stand out. With Incredible Health, hospitals apply to YOU. The ear tips are quite soft and fit snugly thus filtering out noise- the whoosh of heating and air conditioning systems, sounds of medical monitors and human noise. Stethoscopes are the first tool that allowed physicians to assess patient organs without opening the body cavity. Stethoscope carrying cases are practical they keep your device clean and protected and theyre another opportunity to show off your personality. Therefore it is important that you have the right tool for great reliability and precise acoustics. These soft ear tips are a must if you have small ears. The 3M Littmann brand of Stethoscope is famous worldwide for its accuracy and durability. 3M Littmann classifies all stethoscopes with acoustic performance levels from six to ten. Dont go overboard. In this article, I have written about my hands-on experience on several popular models of Littmann stethoscopes. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. 61 Bridge Street, Kington The only complaint I ever had was its price and its tendency to stick to other peoples hands or necks as they were leaving the unit(!!). What could be a better way to save some money yourself than checking out this Littmann Electronic Stethoscope 3200 listing on Amazon.com? The Cardiology IV has a removable covered bell for pediatric patients and offers nine colors and combinations for personalization. At the time, now more than twelve years ago, it seemed to me, that physicians were buying it mostly to distinguish themselves from nurses, as, at that time in my area, nurses seldom used the one sided chest-piece type of stethoscopes. Its remarkably easy to set up and extremely user-friendly as well. 3) Classic II Pediatric & Infant Stethoscope. With the aid of computers (which dont have any frequency limitation) and intelligent digital auscultation software such as Zargis StethAssist Software, medical professionals using Littman electronic stethoscopes find it a lot easier to examine pathologic sounds and murmurs with great accuracy. Littmann Classic III: Ideal for students and medical professionals for monitoring and assessing children and adults in non-critical environments. There is no Amazon rating for Welch Allen products; however, this product rates well with other retailers. Next on the list is the famousLittmann Master Classic II Stethoscope which also features advanced tunable diaphragm technology. pain Choosing the right model of 3M Littmann for your healthcare practice can sometimes be a little confusing, as different models have different features, depending on age groups and the nature of disease and organ involved.