The smartphone-based system for ovulation testing was designed to be simple with minimal user interference (Fig. 03176158 Copyright Home Health (UK) Ltd, info@homehealth-uk.com 0044 (0)1923 711 511 0044 (0)1923 711 550. Your doctor may use other tests that are not yet available for home use (i.e., blood and urine laboratory tests) and information about your history to get a better view of your fertility status. Our microfluidic device enables rapid (<7min) saliva sample drying by creating thin films and provides a controlled sample volume for the analysis. The annotations for ferning and non-ferning samples were achieved through manual inspection under a desktop microscope for simulated samples. The Human Studies Institutional Review Boards of the Brigham and Womens Hospital approved the subject recruitment and use of human saliva specimens (IRB2017P002139). For the given test set, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the system were 82% (CI: 74.85% to 87.46%) and 98% (CI: 92.56% to 99.48%), respectively (Fig. The difference between the two accuracies was used in determining if the model is overfitting. The Microscope uses saliva to detect fertile and infertile days during the menstrual cycle. Since this window is only open once a month and for a short period of time, being able to predict the L.H surge is [], As it is not possible to become pregnant outside of your fertile 2-3 days each cycle, which is around ovulation. If purchasing as a combination then the maximum allowed is 96 tablets in total. For transfer learning, we retrained MobileNet pre-trained on ImageNet for 4000 training steps (epochs) with learning rate set to 0.01 using our salivary datasets. The saliva sample is smeared on the imaging zone of the device using a simple slide-on 3D-printed smearer block (Fig. Blue squares and circles represent non-ovulating saliva samples while red squares and circles represent ovulating saliva samples. Maybe Baby Ovulation Saliva Tester is a mini-microscope that shows the link between oestrogen and the salt levels in your saliva. At 4000th training step, we observed that the accuracy remained unchanged with no decrease in cross entropy loss. S3). The system is wirelessly controlled using a smartphone to image fern structures on the microfluidic device. When dried saliva is viewed under a microscope, the crystallised patterns that are formed by increased salt levels are different from the patterns which form when salt (and oestrogen) levels are low. A t-SNE graph was generated for visualizing the degree of data separability in a 2D space (Fig. According to prior reports most women get pregnant within 6 cycles, therefore, we estimate that these non-reusable tests can cumulatively cost upwards of $200 for most women 42. Simple, accurate health tests for the home and the workplace. The network makes use of depth-wise separable convolutions to build light-weight deep neural networks unlike traditional convolution neural networks that use standard 2D convolution. S4). The smearer block was used to smear the sample within the channel (40 5 mm2) of the microfluidic device to get a controlled thin film of saliva. The device was powered by a 9 V alkaline battery (B000099SKB, Energizer). There was a small marginal difference between the training and validation curves of accuracy indicating that the model was not overfitting (Fig. (A) The computational flow of data. A positive test indicates that you may be near ovulation. Accessibility The output from the fully connected layer remained the same for every image and the output was used multiple times. For orders less than 135 (150) we will display the total price inclusive of the VAT rate. Here, we report a smartphone-based point-of-care device for automated ovulation testing using artificial intelligence (AI) by detecting fern patterns in a small volume (<100L) of saliva that is air-dried on a microfluidic device. Overall, 1640 images were obtained from both human and artificial saliva samples and were classified into 476 ovulating images and 1164 non-ovulating images based on the ferning patterns. Through the saliency maps 34, we could identify the pixels that are being used by the network and confirmed that it focused on features pertaining to the ferning pattern in its decision-making process (Fig. (, New (2019) GlucoNavii Blood Glucose Meter, LipidoCare Cholesterol Kit: Meter and Test Strips, Ketoscan Mini Ketone Analyser Real-time Fat Burning Monitor, Multi-panel Hair Drug Test Kit | Cocaine Cotinine Methamphetamine & Morphine, 7 in 1 Saliva Drug Testing Kits Oral Fluid Tests, Fluconazole Fungal Infection | 150mg Tablet, Feminesse Menstrual Cup 18ml Reusable + Sterilising Holder, Saliva & Urine pH Test Strip Range 4.5-9.0 100 Strips, Daktarin Oral Gel | Thrush Treatment | 1 x 15g Tube | EXP 09/2022, 30mL Urine Sample Collection Pot | With Patient Label, Alcohol Wipes | 70% Isopropyl IPA Swab Pads | 100 Pack, Water Additive for Dogs and Cats | 237ml 8oz Bottle, Dogs & Cats Nose & Paw Balm | 100% Organic, Dogs & Cats Nose & Paw Balm | Protect, Heal, Repair | 100% Organic | 60g, 30 Ovulation Test Strips + 5 Pregnancy Testing Kits, 30 x Ovulation Test Strips + 10 Pregnancy Test Kit 2.5mm Strip Tests One Step, AlcoDigital AL6000 Professional Breathalyser & Accessories, AlcoDigital AL7000 Professional Breathalyser & Accessories, Professional Saliva Alcohol Test Strip Packs, 10 parameter urine dipstick tests for diabetes UTI & pH 150 tests, 1 x Chlamydia Test + Syphilis Test & Gonorrhoea Kit STD Medical GP STI Screening Pack, 850 x One Step 3.5mm Ovulation Test Strips | 20mlU/mL, 850 x One Step 2.5mm Ovulation Test Strips | 20mIU/mL, 250 x One Step Ovulation Cassette Tests 20mIU/mL, 150 x One Step Ovulation Midstream Tests | 20mlU/mL, 850 x One Step 2.5mm Pregnancy Test Strips | 10mIU/ml, 850 x One Step 3.5mm Pregnancy Test Kit | 10mIU/mL, 850 x One Step 3.5mm Pregnancy Test Strips | 25mIU/mL, 150 x One Step Midstream Pregnancy Tests | 10mIU/mL, Pet Urine Test Strips | Kidney Disease | Cat, Dog Testing Strips | Expires: Sept 2022, 11 Parameter Urine Test Strips Diabetes, UTI, pH & more 100 Test Pack Expires: July 2022, Re-Usable Anti-Fog Lens Cloth | 500+ Uses, Beaphar Soft Cat Flea Collar | Velvet | Single Pack, 8 Parameter Urine Dipstick Test Strips Ketone Glucose pH 100 Tests Expires Sept 22, Beaphar Flea & Tick Dog Collars | Brown | Expiry 24/06/22, Ketone Test Strips Ketosis Urine Dipstick Tests 100 Strips Expires: Sept 2022, Beaphar Soft Cat Flea Collar | Sparkle | Single Pack, pH Urine Test Strips Water, Saliva Dipstick Kits 100 Test Pack Expires: Sept 2022, Protein Urine Test Strips Kidney, UTI Infection Kits 100 Tests Expires: Sept 2022, Drug Testing Kit | 7in1 Urine Panel Test | 3 Test Kits (STD) | Expires 06/2022, Be the first to review Ovulation Saliva Tester | Maybe Baby | Fertility Microscope. AI has already been shown to perform exceptionally well in applications such as predicting cardiovascular risk 15, skin cancer screening 16, and diabetic retinopathy detection 17. Least squares regression analysis was performed and the slopes of lines for the microfluidic device and glass slide groups were 0.008 (95% confidence interval: 0.003 to 0.02) and 0.52 (95% confidence interval: 0.29 to 0.74) with R2 values of 0.30 and 0.97, respectively (Fig. Su HW, Yi YC, Wei TY, Chang TC and Cheng CM. Maybe Baby is a mini-microscope that shows the link between oestrogen and the salt levels in your saliva. Detecting ovulation-specific hormones in urine samples and monitoring basal body temperature are the current commonly home-based methods used for ovulation detection; however, these methods, relatively, are expensive for prolonged use and the results are difficult to comprehend. By monitoring your saliva every day and comparing the image of your dried saliva in the viewfinder with the images provided in this guide, you can then determine your most fertile days. 4A, S5A). Why should you do this test? What does this test do? The saliency map was extracted from the network to highlight the highest weighted features of the image. The X-axis (parallel to the lens setup) movement of the microfluidic device was achieved by using a 6 V, 100 rpm DC gear motor (B07556CZL1, Walfront) with a M3 lead screw attached to the shaft. In addition, expenditure on births, abortion, and miscarriages resulting from unintended pregnancies have cost over $21 billion of public funds in the US in 2010 alone 4, 5. In fact, smartphone cameras have been used in point-of-care tests for both qualitative and quantitative detection of clinically relevant biomarkers for disease detection or treatment monitoring such as HIV/AIDS and syphilis detection 1921, herpes 22, sickle cell 23, male infertility 2429, and Zika 30, 31. The two different phases were identified using the Clear Blue urine test (LH + estrogen) as the reference. Furthermore, the results were stored in a calendar event to track the ovulation cycle. Other devices such as electronic pedometers or activity tags are used to detect ovulation by monitoring changes in behavior such as restlessness, standing heat, mounting behavior, and elevated physical activity of animals 41. Unintended pregnancies can have adverse consequences to the health of both mother and child and are subject to significant economic and social burden. Some of the reasons are. The classification layer was added at the end and was trained to classify the saliva samples into ovulating and non-ovulating based on the ferning patterns. The squares represent true labels and the circles within them represent the systems classification. For additional information on about fertility and when best to test click here. The user interface of the smartphone application was designed to be simple and convenient to use. S2B). (A) The exploded image of the stand-alone optical system and its various components. The prepared samples were loaded on to the microfluidic devices and were smeared across the narrow channel with the help of a smearing block. Traditional spot placement methods have no control on sample volume and thus often tend to induce false signal. 3B). The test is not perfect, though, and you might fern outside of this time period or when you are pregnant. The neural network utilizes the MobileNet architecture pre-trained with 1.4 million ImageNet images and retrained with salivary ferning images. 4A, S5A) when evaluating ferning patterns of artificial saliva samples. You should not use this test to help prevent pregnancy, because it is not reliable for that purpose. The Maybe Baby mini-microscope has a 52x power magnification lens. A single-board microcontroller (NodeMCU) was used to control the movement of the microfluidic device. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 1, ,2).2). Training accuracy is the percentage of correctly labeled images on training batch and validation accuracy is the percentage of correctly labeled images other than the images on training batch. When your estrogen increases near your time of ovulation, your dried saliva may form a fern-shaped pattern. S1). It is therefore very important that you know when you are ovulating. An official website of the United States government, Recalls, Market Withdrawals and Safety Alerts, women who fern on some days of their fertile period, don't necessarily fern on all of their fertile days. The network performed with excellent consistency across all tested devices achieving an excellent score of 1.0 (lower 95% CI: 1.0) in a Cronbach alphas test for consistency (n=15 with 5 phones) (Table S2). The smartphone-based device was able to detect ovulation with an accuracy of 99.5% when tested with 200 images of human saliva collected during the ovulating and non-ovulating phases of the menstrual cycle among 6 women. 2C). 3A). A standard 2D convolution applies convolution kernel to all channels of the input image. The site is secure. The samples were loaded on the microfluidic device and analyzed using a smartphone-based optical system. Therefore, we used a varied large-scale dataset to pre-train the network and then refine it to work for our application of analyzing salivary ferning. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. & FREE 2nd Class Confirmed Delivery to the UK. Both the artificial saliva and human saliva test set images were used in the generation of saliency maps. The base algorithm trained with both images of air-dried artificial and human saliva samples imaged by the Moto X device was used and no additional training was performed to adapt the network to the tested devices. Salmassi A, Schmutzler AG, Pngel F, Schubert M, Alkatout I and Mettler L. Guida M, Tommaselli GA, Palomba S, Pellicano M, Moccia G, Di Carlo C and Nappi C. Poplin R, Varadarajan AV, Blumer K, Liu Y, McConnell MV, Corrado GS, Peng L and Webster DR. Esteva A, Kuprel B, Novoa RA, Ko J, Swetter SM, Blau HM and Thrun S. Gulshan V, Peng L, Coram M, Stumpe MC, Wu D, Narayanaswamy A, Venugopalan S, Widner K, Madams T, Cuadros J, Kim R, Raman R, Nelson PC, Mega JL and Webster DR. Jonsson P, Carson S, Sethi JS, Arvedson M, Svenningsson R, Lindberg P, hman K and Hedlund P. Kanakasabapathy MK, Pandya HJ, Draz MS, Chug MK, Sadasivam M, Kumar S, Etemad B, Yogesh V, Safavieh M, Asghar W, Li JZ, Tsibris AM, Kuritzkes DR and Shafiee H. Laksanasopin T, Guo TW, Nayak S, Sridhara AA, Xie S, Olowookere OO, Cadinu P, Meng F, Chee NH, Kim J, Chin CD, Munyazesa E, Mugwaneza P, Rai AJ, Mugisha V, Castro AR, Steinmiller D, Linder V, Justman JE, Nsanzimana S and Sia SK. The 3D-printed optical smartphone attachment was both lightweight (208 g) and compact (83 70 74 mm). Natural family planning uses physical signs, symptoms, and physiologic changes to predict a womans fertility 7, 8. Count the first day of your last period as day 1. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, with the increase of estradiol levels in the blood there is an increase in the salivary electrolytes which results in consistent ferning appearance, a crystallized structure resembling fern leaves, in air-dried saliva and can be used to determine the ovulation period 10, 11. This is a home-use test kit to predict ovulation by looking at patterns formed by your saliva. ImageNet, an open source dataset that contains non-saliva images from various categories, helped in pre-training the network. The work demonstrated here is an example of how AI integrated with smartphones along with inexpensive hardware can be developed into an effective point-of-care diagnostic assay that can address a need in home-based fertility management and family planning. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Center for Environmental Health), and an American Society of Reproductive Medicine Award (American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, and Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility). The ability of retrained MobileNets model in predicting the correct result was evaluated using a set of 100 images with fern patterns and 100 images without fern patterns. The following was the breakdown of concentrations of artificial saliva showing the three phases of ferning: non-ferning 0.1% to 1.4%, transitional 1.5% to 5.6% and ferning 5.6% to 100% of the artificial saliva stock prepared. One of the important criteria for animal breeding is to determine the optimum time to breed an animal in-order-to achieve higher conception rate. (C) The exploded view of the microfluidic device with the smearer block. Learn more Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary. We evaluated the performance of the device using artificial saliva and human saliva samples and observed that the device showed >99% accuracy in effectively predicting ovulation. A rapid point-of-care ovulation testing also has an important application in animal breeding. With the observation of an excellent separation between the two classes, we further probed the network by mapping the final activation layers to visualize the saliency. You put some of your saliva on a glass slide, allow it to dry, and look at the pattern it makes. To determine insemination time, many animal breeders rely on manual techniques such as heat indications, but it is not always accurate; ovulation can take place before, during, or after visible heat 40. We would like to thank Sneha Sundar and Fenil Doshi for productive discussions. One side of DSA was stuck to the etched groove side of the PMMA and the other side was stuck to the glass slide, which was used as the lower substrate for the microchip. The circuit diagram of the setup is provided in the supplementary information (Fig. The laser cutter was also used to etch the PMMA in a controlled manner to create grooves. The samples were prepared to cover a large range of ferning and non-ferning structures. Our system can detect the entire fertile window including the exact day of ovulation when the chances of conception are higher. The composition of artificial saliva is given in the following: 0.92 g/L xanthan gum (Q8185, MP Biomedicals), 1.2 g/L potassium chloride (L1117, Chemcruz), 0.85 g/L sodium chloride (031M0215V, Sigma), 0.05 g/L magnesium chloride (030M0060V, Sigma), 0.13 g/L calcium chloride (057K0005, Sigma), 0.13 g/L di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate (SLBS6839, Sigma), and 0.35 g/L methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (Q7915, MP Biomedicals). The Howard AG, Zhu M, Chen B, Kalenichenko D, Wang W, Weyand T, Andreetto M and Adam H. Smilkov D, Thorat N, Kim B, Vigas F and Wattenberg M. Gunther V, Bauer I, Hedderich J, Mettler L, Schubert M, Mackelenbergh MT, Maass N and Alkatout I. Ravinder R, Kaipa O, Baddela VS, Singhal Sinha E, Singh P, Nayan V, Velagala CS, Baithalu RK, Onteru SK and Singh D. Pardo-Carmona B, Moyano MR, Fernandez-Palacios R and Perez-Marin CC.