The optical tube assembly was 60 metres (200ft) long and 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) in diameter, and was fixed in place due to its mass. [5], The site of the Exposition covered 112 hectares (280 acres) along the left and right banks of the Seine from the esplanade of Les Invalides to the Eiffel Tower (built for the 1889 Exposition) at the Champ de Mars. Porte Monumentale on the Place de la Concorde. Each country paid for its own pavilion. The sphere was the scene of a fatal accident on 29 April 1900 when one of access ramps, hastily made of a newly introduced material, reinforced concrete, collapsed onto the street below, killing nine persons. The Palais des Illusions created a show of optical illusions with mirrors and lighting effects. The few exhibitors from countries without an official presence at the Fair participated under a joint "International Section". [57], Japanese Tower of the Museums of the Far East in Laeken, Brussels, Belgium, Ceramic gateway of Svres Porcelain from the Palace of National Manufacturers, now on Square Flx-Desruelles, Hector Guimard's original Art Nouveau entrance of the Paris Mtro at Porte Dauphine Mtro Station, A 2.87 metres (9ft 5in) copy of the Statue of Liberty by Bartholdi, exhibited in 1900, placed in the Luxembourg Gardens in 1905, La Ruche, an artist's colony composed of pieces of different Exposition buildings. The viewers stood on the railing of a ship simulator, watching painted images pass by of the cities and seascapes en route. The foundation stone was laid by his son, Czar Nicholas II in 1896, and the bridge was finished in 1900. Aerial view of the Exposition including the Eiffel Tower. The French Emperor Napoleon III attended and was deeply impressed. This telescope was the largest refracting telescope at that time. The widest and longest of the Paris bridges at the time, it was constructed on a single arch of steel 108 metres (354ft) long. His overall design was inspired by the biological studies of Ernst Haeckel. [34], Another popular attraction was the Mareorama, which simulated a voyage by ship from Villefranche to Constantinople. Its cupola displayed agricultural produce and hunting equipment. The Russian pavilion, designed by Robert Meltzer, was inspired by the towers of the Kremlin and had exhibits and architecture presenting artistic treasures from Samarkand, Bukhara and other Russian dependencies in Central Asia. The play ended with a memorable death scene; according to one critic, she died "as dying angels would die if they were allowed to. The film, projected on a circular screen 93 metres (305ft) in circumference by ten synchronized projectors, depicted a landscape passing below. [2], In addition to their own national pavilion, the countries managed other spaces at the Fair. Algeria, Sudan, Dahomey, Guinea and the other French African colonies presented pavilions based on their traditional religious architecture and marketplaces, with guides in costume. The gateway was brightly illuminated at night by 3,200 light bulbs and an additional forty arc lamps. Marcel rebuilt there the Japanese red pagoda of the Tour du Monde (now known as the Japanese Tower) and moved the original entry pavilion to the tower from Paris. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level.[29]. [49] Of the fifty-six countries invited to participate with official representation, forty accepted, plus an additional number of colonies and protectorates of France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Portugal. [51] It was highly decorative and took its inspiration from the natural world, particularly from the curving lines of plants and flowers and other vegetal forms. At the ends, the bridge was supported by four massive stone pylons 13 metres (43ft) high, decorated with statues of the Renomes (The Renowned), female figures with trumpets, and gilded statues of the horse Pegasus. [1][2], Planning for the 1900 Exposition began in 1892, under President Carnot, with Alfred Picard as Commissioner-General. The pavilions of the Austro-Hungarian domains in the Balkans, Bosnia and Herzegovina, offered displays on their lifestyles, consisting of folklore traditions, highlighting peasanthood and the embroidery goods produced in the country. It is now a historical monument. [18], The Petit Palais, that is facing the Grand Palais, was designed by Charles Girault. Gontar, Cybele. Another very popular feature of the Palace of Optics was the giant kaleidoscope, which attracted three million visitors. A flower garden on the support surrounded the globe. [42], Another popular diversion during the Exposition was the theater of the American dancer, Loie Fuller, who performed a famous Serpentine dance in which she waved large silk scarves which seemed to envelop her into a cloud. These pavilions featured traditional architecture of the countries and displays of local products mixed with modern electric lighting, motion pictures, dioramas, and guides, soldiers, and musicians in local costumes. The ceramic frieze depicting the workers of the Exposition was designed by Anatole Guillot, an academic sculptor. The Pont Alexandre III was an essential link of the Exposition, connecting the pavilions and palaces on the left and right banks of the Seine. Paris exposition, A Meeting in the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposition_Universelle_(1900)&oldid=1099340118, Wikipedia articles needing more precise page number citations from April 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He commissioned the first Paris Universal Exposition of 1855. Pavilion of Italy by Carlo Ceppi, Costantino Gilodi and Giacomo Salvadori, Pavilion of Turkey by Adrien-Ren Dubuisson, Pavilion of the United States by Coolidge and Morin-Goustiaux, Pavilions of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Karl Panek (left) and Hungary by Zoltn Blint and Lajos Jmbor (right), Pavilion of Belgium by Ernest Acker and Gustave Maukels, Royal Pavilion of Spain by Jos Urioste Velada, Pavilion of Monaco by Jean Marquet and Franois Medecin, Pavilion of Finland by Gesellius, Lindgren, Saarinen, Russia had an imposing presence on the Trocadro hill. [43], 997 competitors took part in nineteen different sports, including women competing for the first time. The Palace of Electricity was built partly incorporating architectural elements of the old Palace of the Champ de Mars from the 1889 Exposition. The visitor traveled through representations of Fuenterraba (Spain), the Pnyx hill in Athens (Greece), the cemetery of Stamboul and the Golden Horn of Constantinople (Turkey), Syria, the Suez Canal (Egypt), Ceylon, the Angkor Wat temple (Cambodia), Shanghai (China) and Nikk (Japan). The Palace was enormous, 420 metres (1,380ft) long and 60 metres (200ft) wide, and its form suggested a giant peacock spreading its tail. The sidewalks had posts with handles which passengers could hold onto, or they could walk. For this Exposition, it was repainted in shaded tones from yellow-orange at the base to light yellow at the top, and was fitted with 7,000 electric lamps. It was a gigantic ferris wheel 110 metres (360ft) high, which took its name from a similar wheel created by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Most were removed not long after the Exposition, but two original edicules remain. The Mareorama simulated a sea voyage, complete with rocking ship and unrolling painted scenery. The pavilion of Hungary was designed by Zoltn Blint and Lajos Jmbor. The Exposition had numerous critics from different points of view. [27] One object of note on display was the Jikji, the oldest extant book printed with movable metal type. Some of his murals can be seen now in the Petit Palais. Many Parisians had invested money in shares sold to raise money for the event and therefore lost their investment. The Art Nouveau ("New Art") style began to appear in Belgium and France in the 1880s and became fashionable in Europe and the United States during the 1890s. Schmidt. A chess tournament was also held. The workers were situated above a frieze of animals designed by sculptor Paul Jouve and executed by ceramicist Alexandre Bigot. [25], The Chinese pavilion, designed by Louis Masson-Dtourbet, was in the form of a Buddhist temple with staff in Chinese traditional dress. [54], Paris metro station entrance at Abbesses designed by Hector Guimard for the Exposition, Art Nouveau swan vase by the Svres Manufactory made for the Exposition, Nymph lamp by Egide Rombaux & Franois Hoosemans made for the Exposition, Menu by Alfons Mucha for the restaurant of the Bosnia and Herzegovina pavilion, Bosnia and Herzegovina pavilion murals by Alfons Mucha (1900), now in Petit Palais, The Bigot pavilion, showcasing the work of Art Nouveau ceramics manufacturer Alexandre Bigot, Jugendstil hallway from the German pavilion, by Bruno Mhring, now in Mainz, The 1900 interior of the Train Bleu at the Gare de Lyon, Most of the palaces and buildings constructed for the Exposition Universelle were demolished after the conclusion of the Exposition and all items and materials that could be salvaged were sold or recycled. The Palace of Furniture and Decoration was particularly lavish and presented many displays of the new Art Nouveau style. [33], Quai d'Orsay-Pont des Invalides station of the moving sidewalk near the Pavilion of Italy, Viaducts of the electric train (left) and the moving sidewalk (right), The first ever trolleybuses in regular passenger service (Bois de Vincennes). His more serious art works, including his drawings for Le Pater, were shown in the Austrian pavilion and in the Austrian section of the Grand Palais. The free balloon competition race was won by a balloon which traved 1,925 kilometres (1,196mi) from Paris to Russia in 35 hours and 45 minutes. He produced displays for the jeweler Georges Fouquet and the perfume maker Houbigant, with statuettes and panels of women depicting the scents of rose, orange blossom, violet and buttercup. Askew.[23]. Though it was named after the Russian Czar, the themes of the decoration were almost entirely French. Despite the high price, passengers often had to wait an hour for a place. The cost of a ride was one franc for a second class car, and two francs for a more spacious first-class car. The first international exposition was held in London in 1851. [2], The pavilion of Finland, designed by Gesellius, Lindgren, Saarinen, had clean-cut, modern architecture.[2]. Andalusia In The Time Of The Moors) was a 5,000m2 (54,000sqft) Spanish-themed open air attraction with folkloric live performances at Quai Debilly, at the western end of Trocadro, on the right bank of the Seine, featuring full-scale moorish architecture reproductions from the Alhambra, Crdoba, Toledo, the Alczar of Seville and a 80m (260ft) tall reproduction of the Giralda. For the film series, see, The Palaces of Optics, Illusions and Aquarium, The Palace of Electricity and the Water Castle, The Palaces of Industry, Decoration and Agriculture, The moving sidewalk, electric train and electrobus, "International physical exercises and sports competition", sfn error: no target: CITEREFSkinner1967 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTierchant2009 (, Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 77, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk and Volker Kluge. The Champagne Palace at the Palace of Agriculture and Food, Fifty-six countries were invited to the Exposition, and forty accepted. A 2.87 metres (9ft 5in) copy of the Statue of Liberty by Frdric Auguste Bartholdi exhibited at the Fair, was placed in the Luxembourg Gardens in 1905 at the request of his widow. It was largely used for receptions for important visitors to the Exposition. The monumental portal of the Palace of National Manufacturers, made by the Svres Manufactory, was preserved and moved to Square Felix-Desruelles, next to the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prs. [7] Below the statue was a sculptural prow of a boat, the symbol of Paris, and friezes depicting the workers who built the Exposition. It also appeared in the interior decoration of many popular restaurants, notably the Pavillon Bleu at the Exposition, Maxim's, and the Le Train Bleu restaurant of the Gare de Lyon,[54] and in the portal of the Palace of National Manufacturers made by the Svres Porcelain Manufactory. Rapport gnral administratif et technique, "Embodying the Nation: Art, Fashion, and Allegorical Women at the 1900 Exposition Universelle", "Paris 1900 - Korea - Foreign Nations and Colonies", "Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889", http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/artn/hd_artn.htm, Liste des rcompenses: Exposition universelle de 1900, Paris, Universal and International Exhibition of Paris 1900, Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies: "exposition universelle internationale de 1900 paris, france", "Unrecognizable Paris: The Monuments that Vanished", The Burton Holmes lectures; v.2. Most of the Art Nouveau metro station edicules designed by Hector Guimard were removed soon after the Exposition closed, but two of the originals still exist, including one at its original location, at the Porte Dauphine metro station. Indeed, the term "Olympic Games" was replaced by "Concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sport" (transl. Street of the future) moving sidewalk was a very popular and useful attraction, given the large size of the Exposition. "International physical exercises and sports competition") in the official report of the Exposition. He also built the Chinese Pavilion whose wooden panelling was sculpted in Shanghai. Other diversions elsewhere in and around the Exposition included an orchestra from Madagascar, a Comedy Theater, and the Columbia Theater at Port Maillot, with acts ranging from panoramas of life in the Orient to a water ballet. This is a three-story building constructed entirely out of bits and pieces of Exposition buildings, purchased at auctions by sculptor Alfred Boucher. [2] She was filmed on ten 70mm projectors that created a 330-degree picture, patented by Cinorama. It was a large hall which used mirrors and electric lighting to create a show of colorful and bizarre optical illusions. [46] The pigeon race was won by a bird which flew from Paris to its home in Lyon in four and a half hours. The press reported competitions variously as "International Championships", "International Games", "Paris Championships", "World Championships" and "Grand Prix of the Paris Exposition". Pavilion of Agriculture and Food, inside the former Palace of Machines of the 1889 Exposition. [37] There were also several recreations depicting picturesque or touristic regions of France, including exhibitions from Provence, Bretagne, Poitou, Berry and Auvergne, using their pre-revolutionary provincial names rather than their departments. [9], The controversial gateway became known as La Salamanda among the public because it resembled the stocky and intricately designed salamander-stoves of the time, only adding to its ridicule.[2]. The sidewalk was accessed from a platform 7 metres (23ft) above the ground level. [12], The 83,047 French and foreign exhibitors at the Fair were divided into 18 groups based on their subject matter, which in turn were divided into 121 classes, and based on the class to which they belonged, they were alocated in the corresponding official thematic pavilion. The French Caribbean islands promoted their rum and other products, while the French colony of New Caledonia highlighted its exotic varieties of wood and its rich mineral deposits. During the disruption at the Fair, a Chinese procession was attacked by angered Parisians. The Cinorama, a simulated voyage in a balloon with motion pictures projected on a circular screen. However, most of the German presence at the Exposition was in the commercial pavilions, where they had important displays of German technology and machinery, as well as models of German steamships and a full-scale model of a German lighthouse. Pavilion of French Algeria by Albert Ballu, Pavilion of French Tunisia by Henri-Jules Saladin, Pavilion of French Indochina - Replica of the Co Loa Palace in Hanoi, Pavilion of Dutch East Indies - Replica of Sari Temple in Yogyakarta. A large area within the Bois de Vincennes was set aside for sporting events, which included, among others, many of the events of the 1900 Summer Olympics. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}485122N 21752E / 48.8561N 2.2978E / 48.8561; 2.2978, World's Fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, "Paris Exposition, 1900" redirects here. At the same time, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level and the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. View of the Pont Alexandre III toward Les Invalides, The Pont Alexandre III with the Grand Palais (left) and the Petit Palais (right) in the background, View of the Seine from the Pont Alexandre III, To house the industrial, commercial, scientific, technological and cultural exhibitions, the French organization built huge thematic pavilions on the esplanade of Les Invalides and the Champ de Mars and reused the Galerie des machines from the 1889 Exposition. [37], The Exposition had several large theatres and music halls, the largest of which was the Palais des Ftes, which had fifteen thousand seats, and offered programs of music, ballet, historical recreations and diverse spectacles. [2], The dancer Loie Fuller had her own theater in Paris during the 1900 Exposition. [30], The Grande Roue at the Paris Exposition could carry 1600 passengers at once, The Rue de l'Avenir (transl. [28], Morocco had its pavilion near the Eiffel Tower and was designed by Henri-Jules Saladin. The Exposition was so expensive to organize and run that the cost per visitor ended up being about six hundred francs more than the price of admission. [50] The deficit was to a degree offset by the long-term additions to the city infrastructure; new buildings and bridges, including the Grand and Petit Palais, the Pont Alexander III and the Passerelle Debilly; and additions to the transport system; The Paris Mtro, the funicular railway on Montmartre, and two new train stations, the Gare d'Orsay and the Gare des Invalides, and the new facade and enlargement and redecoration of the Gare de Lyon and other stations. [8][9] Above the ticket booth windows, the names of provincial cities were inscribed, symbolically enacting a hierarchical relation between Paris and the provinces. Between 14 May and 28 October 1900, an enormous number of sporting activities were held along the Exposition. This pavilion suffered some disruption in August 1900, when anti-Western rebels seized the International delegations in Beijing in the Boxer Rebellion and held them for several weeks until an expeditionary force from the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived and recaptured the city. To resolve the matter, the concessionaires were given a fractional refund of the rent they had paid.[2]. [34], An even more ambitious experiment in motion pictures was the Cinorama of Raoul Grimoin Sanson, which simulated a voyage in a balloon. At the base of the pedestals are allegorical statues representing the France of Charlemagne, the France of the Renaissance, the France of Louis XIV and France in 1900. The industrial, commercial, scientific and cultural exhibitors of each country were distributed among the national sections of the different official thematic pavilions. Baseline Co. Ltd. The awards ceremony was held on 18 August 1900, and was attended by 11,500 persons. The United States athletes won the second largest number, with just seventy-five of the 997 athletes. [14], The Palace of Electricity (behind) and the Water Castle (in front), The Grand Palais, officially the Grand Palais des beaux-arts et des arts decoratifs, was built on the right bank upon the site of the Palace of Industry of the 1855 Exposition. He designed the posters for the official Austrian participation in the Exposition, painting murals depicting scenes from the history of Bosnia as well as the menu for the restaurant at the Bosnian pavilion, and designed the menu for the official opening banquet. [53], The most famous appearance was in the edicules, or entrance coverings, of the stations of the Paris Mtro designed by Hector Guimard. The central tower was crowned by an enormous illuminated star and a chariot carrying a statue of the Spirit of Electricity 6.5 metres (21ft) high, holding aloft a torch powered by 50,000 volts of electricity, provided by the steam engines and generators inside the Palace. The iron roof, made by Gustave Eiffel, originally covered the kiosk of the Wines of Mdoc, in the palace of agriculture and foods. [45] France provided 72% of all athletes (720 of the 997) and won the most gold, silver and bronze medal placings. It was composed of towering polychrome ceramic decoration in Byzantine motifs, crowned by a statue 6.5 metres (21ft) high called La Parisienne. Its purpose was to promote French commerce, technology and culture. The passengers stepped from the platform onto the moving sidewalk traveling at 4.2 kilometres per hour (2.6mph), then onto a more rapid sidewalk moving at 8.5 kilometres per hour (5.3mph). It was a French-produced attraction that had no relation with the official representation of Spain at the Fair. [9] Binet sought inspiration from science, tucking the vertebrae of a dinosaur, the cells of a beehive, rams, peacocks, and poppies into the design alongside other animalistic stimuli.[9]. [2], The Royal Pavilion of Spain was designed in Neo-Plateresque style by Jos Urioste Velada. One was described as both a personification of electricity and as Salammb, Gustave Flaubert's infamous Carthaginian femme fatale, who was a symbol of light. Sarah Bernhardt as L'Aiglon, the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, played to full houses in her theater during the Exposition. Dymond, Anne (2011), "Embodying the Nation: Art, Fashion and Allegorical Women at the 1900 Exposition Universelle," RACAR, v. 36, no. [2], The organizers of the Exposition were not miserly in recognizing the 83,047 exhibitors of products, about half of whom came from France, and 7,161 from the United States. The pavilion displayed a faithful reconstruction of 8th-century Sari temple and also Indonesian vernacular architecture of Rumah Gadang from Minangkabau, West Sumatra. The globe, designed by Napolon de Tdesco, was 45 metres (148ft) in diameter, and the blue and gold exterior was painted with the constellations and the signs of the zodiac. The illusion was aided by machinery that rocked the ship, and fans which blew gusts of wind.[35]. The sporting events rarely used the term of "Olympic". It was designed by a French architect, Adrien-Ren Dubuisson, and was a mixture of copies of Islamic architecture from mosques in Istanbul and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire. Art Nouveau decoration appeared in the interiors and decoration of many of the buildings, notably the interior ironwork and decoration of the Monumental gateway of the Exposition, the Grand Palais and the Petit Palais, and in the portal of the Palace of National Industries. [24], Sweden's yellow and red structure covered in pine shingles drew attention with its bright colours. It was placed atop a masonry support 18 metres (59ft) high, supported by four columns. [52], Many Exposition posters also made use of the Art Nouveau style. The workers frieze was preserved by the head of the ceramics firm that made it, mile Mller, and moved to what is now Parc Mller in the town of Breuillet, Essonne. [9] La Parisienne, made by Moreau-Vauthier,[9] was referred to by some as "the triumph of prostitution" because of her flowing robe and modernized figure and was criticized by many visitors. Many of the participants, such as Campbell's Soup or Michigan Stove Company, added the Paris award to the advertisements and labels of their products. Rue des Nations. Retrieved from: Srpskohrvatski / , Mexico at the 1900 Universal Exhibition in Paris, Exposition universelle internationale de 1900 Paris. The Art Nouveau style was very popular in the pavilions of decorative arts. [22] The exhibit included a statuette of Frederick Douglass, four bound volumes of nearly 400 official patents by African Americans, photographs from several educational institutions (Fisk University, Howard University, Roger Williams University, Tuskegee Institute, Claflin University, Berea College, North Carolina A&T), and, most memorably, some five hundred photographs of African-American men and women, homes, churches, businesses and landscapes including photographs from Thomas E. The main U.S. presence was in the commercial and industrial palaces. The Gateway, like the Exposition buildings, was intended to be temporary, and was demolished as soon as the Exposition was finished. Diagram of the Great Paris Exhibition Telescope of 1900. Another scientific attraction was the aquarium, the largest in the world at the time, viewed from an underground gallery 722 metres (2,369ft) long. [11] The Russian element was in the center, with statuary of the Nymphs of the Neva River holding a gilded seal of the Russian Empire. Thanks to the power from Palace of Electricity, the fountain was illuminated at night by continually changing colored lights. [17] The Palais d'Antin, or west wing, housed the Exposition centennale de l'art franais de 1800 1889. 2, 1-14. [47] The dinner was prepared in eleven kitchens and served to 606 tables, with the orders and needs of each table supervised by telephone and vehicle. [38], The Swiss Village, at the edge of the Exposition near Avenue de Sufren and Motte-Piquet, was a recreation of a Swiss mountainside village, complete with a 35 metres (115ft) cascade, a lake and collection of thirty-five chalets.