Cardiac performance was assessed 8 weeks post infarction and showed that the LIFT-generated cell patterning stimulated growth of co-cultured HUVECs and hMSCs, leading to significant improvement of functional characteristics of the infarcted hearts. Agarwal A, Goss JA, Cho A, McCain ML, Parker KK. The hollow filaments were further used as building blocks for bioprinting vascular constructs109. Despite the fact that thermal inkjet printers are cost effective and offer high speed of bioink deposition along with the cell gradient capability, they pose numerous disadvantages for use in 3D bioprinting. Allen R, Nielson R, Wise DD, Shear JB. Controlled architectural and chemotactic studies of 3D cell migration. Ends Tomorrow! Chao P, Maguire T, Novik E, Cheng KC, Yarmush ML. Fabrication of engineered tissue constructs typically involves manual procedures, which impose limitations on the complexity, by which materials of varying properties and dimensions can be interfaced. Learn more Nguyen TD, Deshmukh N, Nagarah JM, Kramer T, Purohit PK, Berry MJ, McAlpine MC. The most typical micro-extrusion bioprinters consist of the following components: i) a dispensing system controlled by temperature ii) a computer-controlled three-dimensionally moving stage; iii) a video camera controlling 3D stage movements for precision control; iv) a photoinitiator-activating light source that illuminates the area of ink deposition and v) a piezoelectric humidifier (Figure 3D). leading to establishment of the first coherently contracting 3D model of heart tissue that allowed direct measurement of isometric contractile force. Different cell types can be plated in the microchannel in distinct patterns or in direct juxtaposition on the same planar substrate. SLS printing might require higher temperatures and thus is ideal for ceramics or metals, but could be prohibitive for bioprinting applications. As an alternative, and more easily standardized method, bottom-up approaches have been used to create ECM formulations from combinations of different types and amounts of individual ECM proteins. Three-dimensional co-cultures of human endothelial cells and embryonic stem cell-derived pericytes inside a microfluidic device. American journal of cardiovascular drugs: drugs, devices, and other interventions. This allows to mimic the normal conditions of the heart contracting against the hydrostatic pressure imposed by the circulation. Like many other tissue engineering approaches, 3D printing of myocardial tissue is limited primarily by low resolution of complex structures and availability of appropriate cells for the bioink, i.e. Walser R, Metzger W, Gorg A, Pohlemann T, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Integration and application of vitrified collagen in multilayered microfluidic devices for corneal microtissue culture. Campagnola PJD, DM, Epling GA, Hoffacker KD, Howell AR, Pitts JD, Goodman SL. This is because the short duration of the heating pulse (~2 s) raises the temperature in the printer head by only 410C 90. Since viability of printed tissues heavily depends on oxygen supply, thin tissue constructs that can receive oxygen simply by diffusion demonstrate better survival than thick patches with limited accessibility of deep cell layers to freely diffusing oxygen. Mechanical force extrusion printers with screw-based dispensing mechanism are believed to be optimal for printing of highly viscous hydrogels, although pneumatic systems could also be used for printing such materials. Fabrication of cardiac tissue implants, in addition to proper vascularization and efficient oxygen exchange, requires proper density of cardiomyocytes and various supporting cells.4 These conditions can be achieved by various tissue bioprinting techniques providing unique capabilities for patterning and assembling cells with defined density and spatial distribution. Tayalia P, Mazur E, Mooney DJ. FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. The authors clearly observed both the GFP-expressing HNDFs in GelMA and the red-HUVECs lining the embedded 3D vasculature by confocal microscopy.95 Thus the 3D printing platform allows fabrication of artificial tissue constructs by programmed deposition of multiple cell types along with vascular structures within extracellular matrices. Jana S, Tefft BJ, Spoon DB, Simari RD. Heart valve tissue engineering: quo vadis? Finally, integration of electronic microsensors, constructed by using microchip fabrication technologies, enables monitoring cell migration, fluid pressure or other factors of the artificial tissue/organ microenvironment. 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering. Reffelmann T, Kloner RA. Wylie RG, Ahsan S, Aizawa Y, Maxwell KL, Morshead CM, Shoichet MS. Spatially controlled simultaneous patterning of multiple growth factors in three-dimensional hydrogels. Ferris CJ, Gilmore KJ, Beirne S, McCallum D, Wallace GG, in het Panhuis M. Bio-ink for on-demand printing of living cells. While 3D printing, using routine methods for industrial applications, allows a direct use of commercial printers without modifications, bioprinting technologies may not be compatible with commercial printer use and would require custom-built printing devices and bio-compatible ink materials. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography. Personalized bioprinted models can better reflect structural abnormalities than traditional models or cadavers, and as a result can improve the choice of surgical approach and offer a platform to practice the procedures. Once functionally integrated into the existing vascular network, the newly-formed micro-vessels were perfused by connection to external flow via a gasket that also served to house the 3D ECM. Chung JHY, Naficy S, Yue Z, Kapsa R, Quigley A, Moulton SE, Wallace GG. Recent advances in cardiovascular tissue engineering led to the ability to fabricate various cardiac tissues and heart components by employing state-of-the-art 3D bioprinting technologies. ONeill AT, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Walker GM. Multiphoton excited fabrication of collagen matrixes cross-linked by a modified benzophenone dimer: bioactivity and enzymatic degradation. The feasibility of integration of muscular cell layers into microfluidic chips9 or confined to microscale pillars opened perspectives for examining the contribution of fluid flow, tissue-tissue interactions, as well as mechanical and electrical signals to the development of cardiovascular diseases. State-of-the-Art Review of 3D Bioprinting for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Three dimensional printing also holds strong potential for fabrication of engineered heart valves. In addition to the intrinsic automaticity of SAN, its pacemaker activity is normally controlled by opposing input from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Etzion S, Kedes LH, Kloner RA, Leor J. Myocardial regeneration: present and future trends. Bioprinting of soft tissues of the cardiovascular system relative to hard tissues (i.e., bone and cartilage) necessitates special design criteria and the technology is quickly advancing to address these criteria. This technique frequently relies upon a gel material or biopaper to support the spheroids. Mironov V, Visconti RP, Kasyanov V, Forgacs G, Drake CJ, Markwald RR. Localized heating, ranging from 200C to 300C has been demonstrated by several studies to have no detrimental effect on either the viability or function of mammalian cells or stability of biological molecules, such as DNA88, 89. National Library of Medicine Harvey Lodish AB, Lawrence Zipursky S, Matsudaira Paul, Baltimore David, Darnell James. The features of these technologies should be discussed in conjunction with the most important factors in 3D bioprinting, such as feature resolution, cell viability, and the biological materials used for printing69 (summarized in Table 2). This chip and related approaches have proven to be useful tools for inducing ischemia/reperfusion injury in primary cardiomyocytes and for determining the kinetics of apoptosis with cardiomyocyte loss24, 44. A successful fabrication of myocardial tissue from chick embryonic cardiomyocytes mixed with collagen solution was performed back in 1997 by Eschenhagen et al. Wendel JS, Ye L, Tao R, Zhang J, Zhang J, Kamp TJ, Tranquillo RT. Neuromuscular junction in a microfluidic device. The authors thank Mr. Wesley Labarge and Dr. Saidulu Mattapally for helpful discussion of the manuscript. Properties of crosslinked protein matrices for tissue engineering applications synthesized by multiphoton excitation. Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip. This methodology enabled culturing a large array of micro-tissues with interconnected vascular networks for biological studies and applications such as drug development48. The native population of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) is very limited and decreases significantly upon aging, thereby compromising the myocardial repair potential.114. An ideal tissue-engineered graft should be non-thrombogenic, properly endothelialized and possess biomechanical properties comparable to the native blood vessel. Scaffolds for tissue engineering of cardiac valves. Shayan G, Shuler ML, Lee KH. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Perhaps the most important of the above components is the vasculature that provides nutrients, signaling molecules/factors and efficient clearance/excretion of metabolites (waste transport) to matrix-seeded cells. Engineering of functional, perfusable 3D microvascular networks on a chip. Jung JP, Hu D, Domian IJ, Ogle BM. Bioprinting technology allows fabrication of biomimetic and even anatomical 3D structures by using patients images obtained using medical imaging technologies, e.g. 3D CAD models derived from patient-specific computer tomography (CT) data are used in Bioplotter for fabrication of 3D scaffolds with well-defined outer shape and an open inner structure, critical for tissue engineering and controlled drug release. Grosberg A, Nesmith AP, Goss JA, Brigham MD, McCain ML, Parker KK. Coaxial nozzle-assisted 3D bioprinting technology is limited by the availability of bioink. As one pertinent example, a recent study showed that cardiomyocytes maintained in 3D hydrogels composed of fibrin exhibit higher conduction velocities, longer sarcomeres and enhanced expression of genes involved in contractile function than 2D monolayers matched in age and purity of myocytes. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Yu Y, Zhang Y, Ozbolat IT. 3D Bioprinting for Tissue and Organ Fabrication. Barron JA, Ringeisen BR, Kim H, Spargo BJ, Chrisey DB. Furthermore, 3D printing has the ability to integrate electronics into tissue-engineered constructs to provide additional functionality, such as sensing and actuation6568. Chia HN, Wu BM. Three dimensional printing, also referred to as additive manufacturing (AM) or solid free form fabrication has already been utilized by cardiovascular surgeons to fabricate personalized organ models for visualization of anatomical structures56. Viravaidya K, Shuler ML. The layer-by layer bioprinting can be accomplished by different methods depending on the type of printed material57, 58.