Bacterial broth culture was prepared to a density of 108 cells mL1 of 0.5 McFarland standards. The highest microbial load reduction was found with the Angereb (97.17%) and Shinta (97.50%) rivers. By using this website, you agree to our editors; Water, Sanitation, Environment & Development: Proceedings of the 19th World Economic Development Conference, Accra, Ghana; 1994; p. 109111. Nano Res Lett. This might be due to differences in the concentration of the compound which aids to reduce coliforms in different parts of the tree (seed vs. leaf). As a safer indicator, this was concurrently accompanied by a 90.0099.99% bacterial load reduction (fecal coliforms), with bacteria concentrated in the sediment sludge. Further, M. oleifera seed powder at 0.016g/L reduced turbidity from 129.00 NTU to 16.8 NTU (86.98%) for the Angereb and from 208.3 NTU to 33.66 NTU (83.84%) for the Shinta river water. In: Bharati KP, Chauhan A, Kumar P, editors. Crushed seeds are also capable of attracting and sticking fast to bacteria and viruses that are found in contaminated and turbid water [16]. SSSA Book Series. Google Scholar. J Pharmacol. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The isolates were preserved on nutrient agar plate and incubated at 37C for 24h according to the manufacturers specification. The extracts were then aseptically introduced as described above. The other river flowing in Gondar is the Shinta. Sutherland JP, Folkard G, Grant WD. Addition of aluminum sulfate as a coagulant lowered the water pH from 7.2 to 3.66, while the seed extract water pH remained the same. Both the Shinta and Angereb river water had pH within the acceptable standards. The powdered sample was successively extracted with methanol, acetone and aqueous in increasing polarity. On each plate, equidistant wells were prepared with a 6-mm-diameter sterilized, cork borer, which were 2mm from the edge of the plate. The maximum MBC value under the ethanol extract was recorded 12.50mg/mL for E. coli (ATCC 2592) and clinical isolates of E. coli and Salmonella typhii; and the minimum MBC value (6.25mg/mL) was with the clinical isolate of Shigella dysenteriae. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. UNESCO: Paris, France; 2003. The addition of 0.016g/L aluminum sulfate has reduced the water pH from 6.7 and 7.2 to 3.76 and 3.66 for the Angereb and Shinta river water samples, respectively. Husen A, Siddiqi KS. In determining the MPN of coliforms that were present in each of the treated water samples, the multiple tube fermentation method was adopted. 2016;11:498. Studies have shown that the maximum reduction in coliform count, as it was done in the most probable number method, was observed at 0.08g/L concentration of M. oleifera seed powder from>2400 to 70CFU/100ml (97.08%) for the Angereb water sample and>2400 to 60CFU/100ml (97.5%) for the Shinta river sample. 1998;62:25563. Screening the root extracts from Biden pilosa L. var. The test tubes were then incubated for 2448h at 37C. This was followed by allowing the agar plate on the bench for 40min pre-diffusion followed by incubation at 37C for 2448h. The formation of clear inhibition zone of 7mm diameters around the wells was regarded as significant susceptibility of the organisms to the extract [33]. 2009;44:5048. Madsen et al. From the agar well diffusion result, it was found that E. coli (ATCC 2592) was significantly susceptible to all extracts (p=0.008). Aluminum sulfate at 0.016g/L reduced turbidity from 129 NTU to 2.1 NTU (98.37%) for the Angereb, while the same concentration was found to be 208.30 NTU to 1.86 NTU (99.11%) for the Shinta water sample, after an hour of settling time. The MIC value of M. oleifera seed extracts against the tested bacteria ranged from 6.25mg/mL (acetone extract to all tested organisms and methanol extract of M. oleifera on Shigella dysenteriaeclinical isolate and E. coliATCC2592) to 25.00mg/mL (aqueous extract of M. oleifera on Salmonella typhiiclinical isolate). Such floating flocs could be filtered to achieve lower turbidity. Pak J Med Sci. J Coastal Life Med. Seeds of Moringa oleifera used in this study were obtained from the Agricultural and Forestry office, Adirkay, Gondar. Forty liters of raw water samples were fetched from the Shinta and Angereb rivers. Amagloh FK, Benang A. Google Scholar. J Agric Ext Rur Dev. Laboratory facilities and assistance provided by the lab staff Department of Biology and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Science in Gondar Medical College, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, are gratefully acknowledged. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Article Correspondence to There was a significant reduction of coliform counts in the treated water samples. Further in this investigation, when the concentration of M. oleifera seed powder was increased from 0.016 to 0.08g/L, there was an increase in turbidity. Sobsey MD. In contrast to this finding, the acetone extract of leaf of M. oleifera revealed similar MIC and MBC against E. coli which was 5.00mg/mL concentration [53]. Sutherland JP, Folkard GK, Mtawali MA, Grant WD. Managing water in the home: accelerated health gains from improved water supply, prepared for the WHO. 2007;21:1725. PubMed Central This investigation facilitates benefits to those who cannot afford and or have access to clean drinking water in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Geneva: Water Sanitation and Health Programme; 2002. p. 24398. Cite this article. Berlin: Springer; 2017. p. 45579. J Ethnpharmacol. The World Health Organization has estimated that up to 80% of all disease and sickness in the world is caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or unavailability of water [13]. Part of The Shinta river drains from north to south, and it serves as natural sewerage lines for domestic and industrial wastes [21]. The acetone extract has shown similar responses (6.25mg/mL) for clinical isolates of E. coli and Salmonella typhii. Book Plants are rich in secondary metabolites and are being used for the treatment of various ailments in the indigenous system of medicine. Asian J Microbial Biotech Environ. It has also been reported that the quality of water treated with M. oleifera seed flour is improved through the proteins that promote coagulation [24, 50,51,52]; and coagulant proteins also demonstrated an ability to reduce the density of E. coli, Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations [51]. Process Biochem. Results have shown that the lowest concentration of aluminum sulfate exhibited maximum turbidity reduction. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0177-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0177-1. The MBC values for different solvent extracts of M. oleifera seed are presented in Table4. Green synthesis, characterization and uses of palladium/platinum nanoparticles. Ashafa AOT, Afolayan AJ. The acetone extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity with 19.00mm against Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate), while Shigella dysenteriae (clinical isolate) was the least sensitive with 7.66mm on the aqueous extract. It is located at a latitude of 12 (1200N) and a longitude of 37.33 (371960E). New Jersey: Human Press Inc.; 2004. p. 3257. 1992;36:1327. This investigation facilitates benefits to those who cannot afford and or have access to clean drinking water in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Water purification and antibacterial efficacy of, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0177-1, http://www.who.int/water.sanitation.health/dwh/qdwa0506.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Masika PJ, Afolayan AJ. PubMed The result of coliform count expressed as the most probable number (MPN) of both raw and treated water samples is given in Table2. 2009;3:56872. Guideline for drinking water quality incorporation first addendum. 2010;16:1G.2.12.14. Gassenschmidt U, Jany KD, Tauscher B, Niebergall H. Isolation and characterization of a flocculating protein from Moringa oleifera Lam. Antibacterial Activities of Ageratum conyzoides extracts on selected bacterial pathogens. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 2004;3:826. The isolates were preserved on agar slant and stored at 4C until further use. Most probable number counts. 2008;8:35661. An estimate of the number of the coliforms (most probable number) was done in the presumptive test. Guidelines for drinking water quality. Similarly, Arama et al. The bacterial suspension was compared to the 0.5 McFarland standards [31]. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Nano Res Lett. Pal SK, Mukherjee PK, Saha K, Pal M, Saha BP. In this study, the water purifying property of the seed powder specifically for the Angereb and Shinta rivers and the role of seed extracts against bacterial growth namely Escherichia coli (ATCC2592), E. coli (clinical isolate), Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) and Shigella dysenteriae (clinical isolate) were examined. The MPN tests were carried out using M. oleifera seed powder, and it was observed that both untreated water samples contained greater than 2400 coliforms/100mL. Chemical analysis and investigative study on water disinfecting properties of (Moringaceae) leaf. The majority of people living around Lake Tana and its rivers are still utilizing water for drinking and other routine activities without any purification. Unlike this finding, a study conducted by [41] revealed no significant difference in coliform count after the treatment of water sample with different concentrations of M. oleifera leaf powder. 2014;9:229. 2007;4:193749. 2005;39:233844. Andargachew B, Samuel S. The effects of Dashen brewery wastewater treatment effluent on the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of Shinta river in Gondar, north west Ethiopia. Phytother Res. Khosravi A, Behzadi A. Five different concentrations of the stock solution for the loading dose were prepared by weighing 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0g of M. oleifera seed powder and aluminum sulfate each separately into a beaker containing 500ml of distilled water. Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) was also significantly susceptible to all extracts (p=0.026). It was formed by a volcanic blockage that reversed the previously north-flowing Blue Nile river and created one of Africas greatest waterfalls. In this procedure, 50g of M. oleifera powdered seeds was soaked in 250mL of each of the solvents which were acetone, methanol and aqueous and in all cases equal volumes of solvents were used. The turbidity level of the water samples was measured before and after treatment of the sample with different doses of M. oleifera seed powder and aluminum sulfate using turbidity meter. They were left shaking on a horizontal shaker for 3days. The inhibition of growth was assessed after 24h incubation at 37C, and the minimum concentration that inhibited growth was considered as MIC value of the extract. London: The British Academy; 1989. p. 34. This trend was observed in both river water samples (Table1, Fig. Lauryl tryptose broth (LTB) tubes were used for the bacteria growth. Antimicrobial action of the leaf Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. Masika and Afolayan [44] reported that gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to water extracts. Thus, this study investigates the water purifying property of Moringa oleifera seed powder and determines the role of seed extracts against a few bacterial growths. Woomer PL. Unlike aluminum sulfate, there was no significant effect on pH of both water samples observed after treatment with different concentrations of M. oleifera, except a slight reduction from 6.7 to 6.43 (4.03%) for the Angereb at a concentration of 0.016g/L and a reduction of pH from 7.2 to 6.9 (4.17%) for Shinta river water samples observed at a concentration of 0.032g/L (Table1). Shahidi GA. Among the used M. oleifera seed extracts, the acetone has shown maximum (19.00) antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate) followed by methanol (15.33) and then the aqueous (7.66) extract. The mixtures in the beakers were stirred using a glass rod to obtain a clear solution. 1994;5:5979. Ramasamy S, Charles MA. Antibacterial effect of volatile components of selected medicinal plants against human pathogens. Seeds have also shown antimicrobial activity [18, 19]. Then, the extracts were filtered separately through Whatman no.1 filter paper. Vol.1, Recommendations 3rd ed. Mature seeds of M. oleifera were chosen from dry cracked fruits. Google Scholar. Active agents and mechanisms of turbid water using Moringa oleifera. [38] also found that the M. oleifera seed extract reduced the turbidity and number of fecal coliforms in water samples from shallow wells. Hypotensive constituents from the pods of Moringa oleifera. Siddiqi KS, Husen A. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Water samples were obtained randomly during January and February, 2015, from the Angereb and Shinta rivers, Gondar, Ethiopia. The Angereb river is a river of Ethiopia and eastern Sudan and one of the sources of the Nile river found in Gondar town. E. coli (clinical isolate) response also significantly varied among the studied extracts (p=0.04). Organisms were chosen based on reports of their human and livestock pathogenicity in water. Antibacterial activities of crude stem bark extracts of Distemonathus benthamianus Baill. 2009;34:799805. Moreover, a study is also required to optimize the appropriate concentration needed to bring about the reduction in turbidity and coliform count to WHOs standard for effective utilization of the seed for water purification. Moringa oleifera: a Food plant with multiple medicinal uses. The powder was stored in a sterile bottle at room temperature in a dark place. According to WHO guideline, the turbidity of safe drinking water is less than 5 NTU [35]. It has also been reported that when the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins produce positive charges acting like magnets and attracting the predominantly negatively charged particles (such as clay, silt, bacteria and other toxic particles in water) [15]. The number of tubes showing gas production was counted, and the figure was compared to a table developed by the American Public Health Association [26]. A comparative study has also been carried out with harvesting surface rainwater and its purification by using seed extracts and aluminum sulfate [17]. PubMed Furthermore, the percent variation for both the water sources is presented in Table2. radiate (Asteraceae) for antimicrobial potentials. J Biotechnol. Environmental pollution and biodiversity, vol. Ferreira RS, Napoleo TH, Santos AFS, S RA, Carneiro-da-Cunha MG, Morais MMC, Silva-Lucca RA, Oliva MLV, Coelho LCBB, Paiva PMG. 2011;3:10212. AD, SS and AH wrote the manuscript, reviewed and checked its final version. WCCLS, 940, west valley road, suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania, 19087, USA; 2003. However, aluminum sulfate was the better water purifier as compared to M. oleifera since it exhibits more turbidity reduction which conforms to WHO standard with a concentration of 0.016g/L (from 129 NTU to 2.1 NTU (98.37%) for the Angereb and from 208.3 NTU to 1.86 NTU (99.11%) for the Shinta water sample. WHO. The antibacterial properties of the crude extracts were tested against the test organisms. One-way ANOVA was used to test existence of statistically significant difference between mean zones of inhibition.