rubber mechanical properties

; resources, L.Y. It can be seen that increasing the aging time led to a decrease in the C element and a concurrent increase in the O element in the rubber waterstop. Since the lowest annual temperature in Xigaze is 25 C [16], the low-temperature environment in this paper was set at 25 C. For example, if you need to find rubber compression properties, rubber weather resistance or even rubber ozone resistance for your O-rings, you can find the best combination of elastomer properties by using this O-ring material guide for your application. Intramolecular reactions can occur in vulcanized rubber polymers due to the polyunsaturated property and the short distance between the double bonds. Shen H.Q. Figure 10 presents the infrared spectra of the rubber waterstop under a low-temperature air environment. The Nexus 470 Fourier infrared spectrometer was produced by Nicolet (Waltham, MA, USA). Nitrile has good mechanical properties and high wear resistance relative to other elastomers. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. This causes serious pollution to the marine environment and kills a large number of marine organisms, but natural rubber products can be recycled, and many countries have established the corresponding regulations [9]. Enter words / phrases / DOI / ISBN / authors / keywords / etc. The FTIR spectra were recorded using a Nicolet Nexus 470 spectrometer equipped with an ATR attachment. Increase in low-temperature aging time leads to a decrease in the tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation and an increase in the hardness of the rubber waterstop. %PDF-1.6 % Meanwhile, fossil-based polymers easily burn and release gases that are harmful to the environment, such as toluene. The cross-sectional morphologies changed little in the aging cycle, indicating that the environment has little effect on the adhesion of the rubber matrix. Additionally, the damaged specimens were tested by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. [10] studied the effects of different aging temperatures and aging times on the properties of different types of rubber. As shown in Figure 7df, in the low-temperature water environment, the surface morphology of the specimens protruded, and after 54 days, the rubber surface appeared stepped stratification. and transmitted securely. The shore hardness tester was used to test the hardness of the specimen [19]. Infrared spectra of low-temperature air environment. Xue Z.H., Liu P. Research on the recycling and reuse of waste plastics. Tensile specimens were I type dumbbell shaped with a thickness of 2.0 mm 0.2 mm as shown in Figure 2. Or better yet, use the rubber chart to find which material will best suit your environment. The tear specimen was of right-angle type with a thickness of 2.0 mm 0.2 mm as shown in Figure 3. Tan L.Y. The site is secure. Talking about the application of rubber waterstop in hydraulic engineering. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of our experiments. ), 2Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200032, China; [emailprotected]. The compression permanent deformation was calculated according to Equation (1): where Ccompression set (%); h0initial height (mm); h1height after recovery (mm); and hslimiter height (mm). Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ); [emailprotected] (M.L. Selecting this option will search all publications across the Scitation platform, Selecting this option will search all publications for the Publisher/Society in context, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Mechanical properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with cellulose fibers, Industrial Products Research Institute, 114 Higashi, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Polymer Technology, S100 44, Stockholm, Sweden. The decrease in compression permanent deformation indicates that the deformation capacity of vulcanized rubber gradually decreases with the increase in aging time at low temperature, that is, the plasticity weakens. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, S.L. !gM`dc /z]l`LJH RD6`v=dtD_~v q l^)&FS`10j? The .gov means its official. More info. Rahco Rubber, Inc. makes no expressed or implied warranty as to any qualities, attributes, or characteristics of any polymer or material. In order to elucidate the aging performance and aging mechanism of a rubber waterstop in low-temperature environments, the rubber waterstops were placed in the freezing test chamber to accelerate aging, and then we tested its tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, compression permanent deformation and hardness at different times. Time and Stress Effects in the Behavior of Rubber at Low Temperature. The cross-sectional morphologies after 18 days and 90 days in low-temperature air environment are shown in Figure 8b,c, as there were more step-by-step undulations on the surface, and no additive particles. ; formal analysis, S.L. If you are looking for detailed rubber specifications such as tensile specs in psi or elongation percentages for our rubber materials, go to our rubber specifications section. The surface morphology of the rubber waterstop before and after aging is further examined by SEM and is shown in Figure 7. Corrosion is the degradation of analloy caused by its exposure to the environment. In the low-temperature water environment, the surface protrusions become rough, and there are only a small number of additive particles in the cross-section at 90 days, which reduces the adhesion of the rubber matrix and affects the strength of the rubber waterstop. This data is provided subject to AZoM.com's terms and conditions. The rubber waterstop, as the most commonly used waterstop material, can effectively prevent the leakage and seepage of building joints, and play the role of shock absorption and buffer, so it is widely used in projects [1,2,3,4]. At the Advanced Materials Show, AZoM spoke with Vig Sherrill from General Graphene about the future of graphene and how their novel production technique will lower costs to open up a whole new world of applications in the future. At the same time, many protrusions appeared on the surface of the rubber waterstop, the C element gradually decreased, and the O element gradually increased. GB/T 5292008 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Tear Strength (Trouser, Angle and Crescent Test Pieces), GB/T 531.1-2008 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Indentation Hardness-Part 1: Duromerer Method (Shore Hardness). Tensile strength and tear strength decreased by 19.1% and 23.3% in the low-temperature water environment. This rubber materials comparison chart gives you key factors in your choice of rubber mechanical properties. The compression permanent deformation specimen was a B-type cylinder with a diameter of 13.0 mm 0.5 mm. Silicon exhibits great temperature range capabilities. FTIR-ATR analysis shows that the infrared spectra of the low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment are almost the same, the decrease in functional groups used to characterize the basic structure of polyisoprene is not obvious during the aging process, and the peak amplitude produced by the hydroxyl carboxyl group and other functional groups during the oxidation process is small, and the oxidation is slow. After aging at low temperature, the surface of the specimen significantly changed. Mechanical properties of aging rubber waterstop in low-temperature water environment. The vulcanized rubber used in this study mainly consisted of polyisoprene (9295% of cis1,4-polyisoprene) which was produced by Hebei Jingjia Rubber products Co., Ltd. (China). South North Water Diversion. The new PMC design is here! Fluorosilicone has limited strength and abrasion resistance so it is generally recommended for static applications only. The test pieces were then observed at 500, 1000 and 6000 magnifications, and the C and O element contents were analyzed by EDS at a magnification of 1000. Considering the constant change of the dam water level in this project [14], the rubber waterstop buried in the dam may be above or below the water surface in different seasons, so the low-temperature environment is divided into low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment. This information is provided for reference only. Sign up for our newsletter and receive periodic engineering tips on good seal desing practices. The results showed that the hardness of rubber material at low-temperature increased with the gradual increase in time and pressure and proposed that one of the reasons for the increase in rubber hardness was crystallization. EDS results show that with the increase in aging time, there is an increase in O element and a decrease in C element in the low-temperature air environment. Mechanical properties of aging rubber waterstop in low-temperature air environment. The hardness increases slowly, the material becomes hard and gradually loses its elasticity. Received 2021 May 11; Accepted 2021 Jun 18. and S.L. 637 0 obj <>stream [12] studied the influence of time and pressure on rubber in a low-temperature environment. The surface of the specimens without aging was relatively flat, and the micro-pits visible to the naked eye appeared on the surface of the specimens after 36 days of low-temperature treatment, and the number increased with time. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Has excellent resistance to petroleum oils and fuels. However, the temperature in Xigaze is low all year round, with an average temperature of 6.5 C [13]. %%EOF [11] accelerated the aging of rubber in a hot oxygen environment and investigated the changes in the mechanical properties of rubber before and after aging and the degree of aging with aging temperature and time. The average temperature in the coldest month (January) is 3.2 C while the average temperature in the hottest month (July) is 14.6 C [14]. Figure 9 shows the change curve of the C and O element content with aging time under three different environments. It can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2, Figure 4 and Figure 5 that the tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation of the rubber waterstop decreased in the low-temperature environment. The infrared spectra of the rubber waterstop in low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment after 18 days, 36 days, 54 days, 72 days and 90 days are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11. Reflection on the present situation and development of highland barley production in Xigaze area. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. How to Reduce Marine Plastic Waste and Reduce Economic and Social Costs. Polyacrylate is used in applications such as transmissions or anything where there is petroleum oils and high temperature. Unless they are specially compounded, nitrile is not resistant to weathering, sunlight and ozone. SBR is similar to natural rubber. In the above studies, the environment of rubber aging was mostly set to high temperature and high oxygen or lack of microscopic testing and mechanism analysis. In the low-temperature water environment, the infrared spectrum of rubber after aging is similar to that in the low-temperature air environment. 1633 Birchwood Ave. Des Plaines IL 60018 | P: 847-298-4200 F: 847-298-4201 Email Us. government site. Environics offers stand alone permeation systems that can be used for single or multiple disposable permeation tubes. 1College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; [emailprotected] (W.Y. Apparent morphology of the specimen after aging at low temperature. Thorsten P., Ines J., Werner M. Hydrolytic degradation and functional stability of a segmented shape memory poly (ester urethane). Selecting this option will search the current publication in context. Li B., Li S.X., Zhang Z.N. At the Advanced Materials Show 2022,AZoM caught upwith the CEO of Cambridge Smart Plastics, AndrewTerentjev. Secondly, the performance of fossil-based polymers in degradability and recycling is worse than that of natural rubber. Butyl also has good electrical, shock dampening properties. The Application of waterstop in water conservancy engineering. Study on thermal oxygen aging properties of different rubber materials. An Overview of Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) Techniques. For assistance in identifying the appropriate polymer or material, or to develop and formulate a NR or natural rubber compound to meet your specific application and performance requirements, please contact Rahco Rubber, Inc. at sales@rahco-rubber.com or 847-298-4200. Deng Jun et al. As shown in Figure 7a, the virgin surface of the rubber waterstop was flat, with white and black additive particles uniformly distributed. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies GB/T 7759.1-2015 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic-Determination of Compression Set-Part 1: At Ambient or Elevated Temperatures. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The peaks at 1640 cm1 and 878 cm1 were defined as =CH stretching vibration of the cis-1,4 structure, while the peak at 1443 cm1 was assigned to deformation vibration absorption of CO. With the increase in aging time, the peak intensities of CH3 at 2915 cm1 and 2841 cm1 and C=C at 1640 cm1 and 878 cm1 decreased slightly, while the peak intensities of CH2 at 1430 cm1 and CH3 at 1372 cm1 increased slightly. Careers. endstream endobj startxref Application of rubber waterstop in water conservancy project construction. To sign up for alerts, please log in first. Accessibility Enterp. 8600 Rockville Pike The loading speed of the testing machine was set to 500 mm/min [17,18]. This indicates that low temperature is helpful to alleviate the aging of rubber and the weakening of the adhesion of the rubber matrix. In the ATR-FTIR spectra, the peak at 29002800 cm1, 1430 cm1 and 1372 cm1 was assigned to CH stretching vibrations of CH2, CH3. Talking about the application of rubber waterstop in water conservancy projects. Infrared spectra of low-temperature water environment. The peak value of CO group at 1002 cm1 obviously decreased, and the change in peak value at 3237 cm1 was the same as that in the dry environment. An official website of the United States government. eaha``lt=id?#Lp%xa`8a'%Yrp}&`+O!KNxCFVl2Rg7Kj lC"Ii@nl!F Gwun`i. ; funding acquisition, Project of Jiangsu Provincial Construction Engineering Administration. and M.L. Ethylene Propylene Copolymer has excellent resistance to phosphate ester fluids (Skydrol), brake fluids (glycol base), steam, weather, and ozone. Development status and Prospect of natural rubber technology in China. Discover the OTT Parsivel, a laser disdrometer that can be used to measure all precipitation types. This option allows users to search by Publication, Volume and Page. Zhang L.B. If you need an account, pleaseregister here. Liu S.M., Yu L., Gao J.X., Zhang X.D. J.R. Beatty et al. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The KSL-10KN electronic universal testing machine was produced by YangZhou KaiDe Experiment Co (China). First of all, natural rubber is derived from rubber trees, while fossil-based polymers are derived from petroleum by-products, which means that natural rubber is inexhaustible and fossil-based polymers are limited. HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, Common Abbreviations Used in The Rubber Industry. ; methodology, S.L. The results showed that with the growth of aging time, the mechanical properties of the rubber waterstop are reduced. YangJin Z.M., JiaYong C.C. Copyright document.write((new Date()).getFullYear()); Rahco Rubber, Inc. All rights reserved. 608 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<39F6846449A7394BAA09781C819992CD><7D1FF623E5F78749B6304CF3091E0EF2>]/Index[571 67]/Info 570 0 R/Length 153/Prev 272579/Root 572 0 R/Size 638/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The results showed that the elongation and fracture stress of rubber gradually decreased with increasing aging time and aging temperature, and a small increase in temperature would lead to a significant decrease in mechanical properties. Learn more SEM observation reveals that with the increase in aging time, the surface additive particles disappear, many protrusions appear and gradually increase in the low-temperature air environment. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help As shown in Figure 7b, after 36 days aging under low-temperature air environment, the additive particles on the surface completely disappeared, but many protrusions appeared, and the surface of the specimen became abnormally uneven. It also has good mechanical properties over a wide temperature range. Therefore, we put the rubber waterstop in the freezing test chamber for accelerated aging, and tested its tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, compression set and hardness under different aging times, and carried out microscopic detection on the damaged specimen, trying to find the aging mechanism of rubber in the freezing environment. Deng J., Zheng Y., Pan Z.C. In the low-temperature water environment, the content of C element decreased by 4.16% while the content of the O element increased by 61.19% after 90 days. Silicones also has good resistance to ozone, weather and is also a good insulator. National Library of Medicine The authors declare no conflict of interest. At the same time, natural rubber has a huge advantage over fossil-based polymers in terms of environmental friendliness. Huang L.Q. The main components of the rubber waterstop are natural rubber, insoluble sulfur(S), accelerator, zinc oxide (ZnO), stearic acid (SA) and carbon black. The universal O-ring. After 90 days, the surface became rougher as the protrusion on the surface increased, and the stepped stratification phenomenon became more obvious. Butyl has a very low permeability rate making it a great seal under vacuum. According to the changes of the above spectral peaks, it can be concluded that the double bond of the rubber waterstop slowly decreases and the product of the vicinal diol obviously increases after aging in the low-temperature air environment, which is consistent with the aging law in the natural environment. 0 FOIA Additionally, the rubber waterstop used in water conservancy projects is generally poured inside the concrete, which greatly reduces the contact with oxygen and ozone, and also shelters from light [15]. Data reproduced with permission of Granta Design Limited www.grantadesign.com. At low temperature, the surface of the specimen became rough while the specimen became hard. In the aging process of these polymers, the CC double bond breaks and forms hyperoxide-hydroperoxides, which leads to the decrease in the C element and the increase in the O element on the rubber surface. 571 0 obj <> endobj Li Bo et al. During the period of 7290 days, the content of the C element in the low-temperature air environment significantly decreased compared with that in low-temperature water, while the content of O element increased significantly. Durability of rubber waterstop in extreme environment: Effect and mechanisms of ultraviolet aging. After 168 h of compression, the specimen was immediately released and allowed to recover at room temperature for 2733 min, and then measured the height of the specimen [20]. The temperature of the freezer test chamber was set to 25 C, and then the 5 groups of specimens were aged in the freezing test chamber for 18 days, 36 days, 54 days, 72 days and 90 days, respectively. Thus, this environment has an effect on the strength of the rubber waterstop, but the effect is far less than that in the low-temperature air environment. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. After 90 days, tiny holes appeared on the surface of the specimen, as shown in Figure 7c. Compared with the natural environment, the oxidation reaction of the rubber waterstop in the low-temperature environment was slower. The cross-sectional morphologies after 18 days, 54 days and 90 days in the low-temperature water environment are shown in Figure 8df, where a small number of additive particles appeared after 90 days, indicating that this environment can reduce the adhesion of the rubber matrix. With the increase in aging time, the protrusions increased. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Zeng X., Huang H.S. The microstructure and elemental analysis of the rubber waterstop after accelerated aging treatment were investigated using SEM (FEI quanta 250F) equipped with an EDS at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. The FTIR was operated within the scan angle range of 590and a scan speed of 5/min. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. We use cookies to enhance your experience. At 90 days, pits and tiny holes appeared on the surface of the specimen in the water. Effect of thermal oxygen aging on mechanical properties and tribological behavior of nitrile butadiene rubber. Talking Parts A Quick Video Series Looking at Critical Components. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The reason for this is that the rubber main chain and side chain of the molecular chain and crosslinking chain fracture happens, simultaneously creating new crosslinking, whereas in the low-temperature environment, the rubber molecular chain is in a new crosslinking reaction, thus showing surface hardening after aging and brittle crack, namely due to its decreasing tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation. ; software, S.L. It shows that the CH bond and =CH slowly weaken, and CO appears on the molecular chain. The compression specimen was put into the compression permanent deformer to make its compression rate reach 2328%. Highly resistant to ozone and weathering. This shows that the brittleness of rubber increases with the aging time, and the adverse effect is more obvious in the low-temperature air environment. ; validation, S.L., W.Y. Tensile strength and tear strength decreased by 34.9% and 24.7% in the low-temperature air environment. At the Advanced Materials Show in June 2022, AZoM spoke with Ben Melrose from International Syalons about the advanced materials market, Industry 4.0, and efforts to move toward net-zero. As fossil-based polymers are difficult to degrade [7], many fossil-based polymers products are discarded and flow into the sea [8]. In the low-temperature water environment, the rubber matrix still maintains good adhesion. Based on the findings from this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: Conceptualization, L.Y. about navigating our updated article layout. Natural Rubber / Isoprene has excellent dynamic properties. The BW5 rubber waterstop with the specification of 300 mm 8 mm used in the construction joint of the real project was employed in this study. Neoprene exhibits good oil, ozone, weather, aging, refrigeration and chemical resistance. In applications, rubber waterstop is often exposed to various environments, such as oxygen, ozone, light and temperature, so it often changes in composition and structure [5,6]. This research received no external funding. Henan Water Resour. The YF-8426 compression permanent deformation machine was produced by YangZhou YuanFeng Experiment Co (China). After aging for different times in the low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment, the mechanical properties of the rubber waterstop are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. rubber waterstop, low temperature, aging performance, microscopic examination, mechanism analysis. The changes in the content of C and O elements (wt %) in the rubber waterstop samples are shown in Table 3. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Here you will find a rubber properties chart for all popular rubber materials. It allows users to collect data on the size and speed of falling particles. After reaching the aging time, the specimens were taken out and placed indoors for 24 h. The tensile strength, elongation and tear strength were tested by an electronic universal tensile testing machine. GB/T 5282009 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties. Figure 8 shows the cross-sectional morphologies of the tensile test pieces in the low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. In the low-temperature air environment, the content of the C element decreased by 4.77% while the content of O element increased by 45.0% after 72 days; the oxidation reaction suddenly became faster from 72 days to 90 days, the content of C element decreased by 13.98% and the content of the O element increased by 105.0% after 90 days. GeSang Z.M., NiMa L.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Responds very well with resistance to ozone, high temperatures, oxygen, mineral oil, synthetic hydraulic fluids, fuels, aromatics and many organic solvents and chemicals. In this interview, wediscuss the company'snovel technologies and how they could revolutionize how we think about plastics. The apparent morphology of the rubber is shown in Figure 6. hb```l"B Grabner Instruments MiniFlash FPA Vision Autosampler is a 12-position autosampler. Changes in C and O element content of different samples. The Quanta 250F SEM was produced by FEI (Hillsboro, OR, USA). Study on cloud and precipitation probability in flood season in Xigaze, Xizang. Analysis on climate characteristics of Shigatse in 2014. CEOs Walk the Talk: Reshoring Realities Point to a Golden Era for Domestic Supply But Whats Best for Your Rubber Components? The DW40 refrigerating test chamber was produced by Nanjing Sibenke Experiment Co (China). Unlike standard nitriles, HNBR resists ozone, sunlight, and other atmospheric environments. Longer Lasting Sodium-Ion Batteries with Extended Durability, Glass - Humankind's Most Important Material, Physical testing for 3D Printed Medical Products Innovations Require New Test Methods, Avoid Corrosion, Determine Organic Chlorides in Crude Oil per ASTM D4929 Part C. Which Alloys Are Prone to Corrosion, and How Can We Prevent This? Tensile strength of waterstop in three different environments. ; data curation, S.L. SBR is mostly used in tires and seals for non-mineral oil based applications. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2022, A Laser Disdrometer for All Types of Precipitation OTT Parsivel, Discover the MiniFlash FPA Vision Autosampler, New Technology For High Energy Aqueous Batteries, Miniaturized Energy Storage Devices and Integrated Microsystems, New Adsorbent Material Rapidly Removes Toxic Chromium and Arsenic From Water, Researchers Create Stretchable, Composite Layered 2D Materials. In water conservancy and hydro-power projects, considering that concrete cannot be continuously poured, construction joints, settlement joints and deformation joints are needed in order to adapt to the deformation of foundation and the deformation caused by the change in temperature. Due to the ever-increasing demand for energy, the demand for nuclear fuel has also increased, which has further created a significant increase in the requirement for post-irradiation examination (PIE) techniques. ; investigation, W.Y. After 54 days, the peak intensity sharply increased, and then slowly increased. How Does the Introduction of a Porous Aggregate Improve Foam Concrete 3D Printing? ; visualization, W.Y. will also be available for a limited time. HNBR has excellent abrasion, compression set, tensile, and tear properties. It is an automated accessory designed to be used with the MINIFLASH FP Vision Analyzer. Beatty J.R., Davies J.M. The x axis represents the aging time, and the y axis represents the content of the elements. However, it has low tensile, tear and wear resistance. Before Five groups of specimens were prepared in two environments, and each group consisted of three tensile specimens, five tear specimens, three permanent compression deformation specimens and one hardness specimen. PMC legacy view Corrosion deterioration of metallic alloysexposed to the atmosphere or other adverse conditions is prevented using a variety of techniques. Yan Y.Y. The most obvious change was the stretching vibration peak of hydroxyl (OH) at 35003200 cm1. The results showed that with the increase in aging temperature and aging time, the rubber hardness increased and its tensile strength decreased. ; writingreview and editing, L.Y. Compression set of waterstop in three different environments. ; project administration, L.Y. Technol. Use the rubber comparison chart to find the most economical seal.